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Illuminating how chemicals affect human health.
EstrenesThese are exposure studies associated with the chemical and all of its children.
| Reference | Associated Study Title | Author's Summary | Study Factors | Stressor | Receptors | Country | Medium | Exposure Marker | Measurements | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Vested A, et al. (2014). | The objective of this study was to investigate whether maternal serum concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) during pregnancy are associated with son's semen quality and reproductive hormone levels. | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Mothers | Study subjects | Denmark | semen | serum | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Details | spermatogenesis | sperm motility | ||
| 2. | Fénichel P, et al. (2012). | The presence of unconjugated bisphenol A in all cord blood samples suggests placental transfer and fetal exposure. | Androstenedione | bisphenol A | Estradiol | Estriol | Estrone | Testosterone | Controls for disease:Cryptorchidism | Subjects with disease:Cryptorchidism | Infants or newborns | France | blood, cord | Androstenedione | bisphenol A | Estradiol | Estriol | Estrone | Testosterone | Details | |||
| 3. | Khan A, et al. (2017). | Ewha Birth & Growth Cohort Study | We conducted a high-resolution metabolomics study and detected elevated metabolites of steroidogenesis and amino acid metabolism in preadolescent female children with high urinary bisphenol A levels. | sex | bisphenol A | Children | Korea, Republic of | urine | 22-hydroxycholesterol
| 3-methoxytyramine
| aerobactin
| Androstenedione
| anthranilic acid
| bisphenol A
| Carnitine
| Cholesterol
| Corticosterone
| cortolone
| crotonyl-coenzyme A
| Cytidine Monophosphate N-Acetylneuraminic Acid
| cytidine monophosphate- |
Details | regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process | regulation of steroid biosynthetic process |
| 4. | Lassen TH, et al. (2014). | We found that 98% of young men from the general population had detectable urinary levels of bisphenol A, and this was associated with altered levels of reproductive hormones and decreased motile spermatozoa. | bisphenol A | Study subjects | Denmark | serum | urine | bisphenol A | Estradiol | LHB | Testosterone | Details | estradiol secretion | luteinizing hormone secretion | sperm motility | testosterone biosynthetic process | testosterone secretion | ||
| 5. | Watkins DJ, et al. (2017). | Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) | Associations between in utero phthalate and bisphenol A exposure and peripubertal measures of male reproductive development are dependent on the timing of that exposure during gestation. | age | sex | bisphenol A | Dibutyl Phthalate | Diethylhexyl Phthalate | mono-benzyl phthalate | monoethyl phthalate | Phthalic Acids | Children | Fetuses | Pregnant females | Mexico | serum | urine | 2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate
| bisphenol A
| Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate
| Dibutyl Phthalate
| Diethylhexyl Phthalate
| Estradiol
| INHBB
| mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate
| mono(2- |
Details | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | dehydroepiandrosterone secretion | development of secondary male sexual characteristics | estradiol secretion | inhibin secretion |
| 6. | Omoruyi IM, et al. (2014). | In this study, we investigated the presence of mutagens and chemicals exhibiting estrogenic activity in the daily diet of Nigerians, using in vitro assays. | bisphenol A | Estradiol | Nigeria | water | bisphenol A | Estradiol | Details | ||||
| 7. | Ihde ES, et al. (2015). | Endocrine disrupting environmental chemicals were detected in all children in the study, with measurable levels of 4-nonylphenol in nearly one third of subjects; this is the first known published study of 4-nonylphenol levels in American children; no associations were found between the urine levels of these chemicals tested and estrogen metabolites. | Endocrine Disruptors | Children | United States | urine | 16-hydroxyestrone
| 2-hydroxyestradiol
| 2-hydroxyestrone
| 2-methoxyestrone
| 4-hydroxyestrone-4-methyl ether
| 4-hydroxyestrone
| 4-nonylphenol
| bisphenol A
| butylparaben
| Estrogens
| ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate
| methylparaben
| mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate
| mono(2- |
Details | estrogen metabolic process | ||
| 8. | Caldwell DJ, et al. (2010). | The consistently large margins of exposure and margins of safety strongly suggest that prescribed and total estrogens that may potentially be present in drinking water in the United States are not causing adverse effects in residents, including sensitive subpopulations. | Estrogens | Children | Study subjects | United States | water, drinking | Estradiol | Estriol | Estrogens | Estrone | Ethinyl Estradiol | Details | |||
| 9. | Lopez-Espinosa MJ, et al. (2016). | C8 Health Project (C8HP) | We found serum perfluoroalkyl substances concentrations to be associated with lower levels of sex hormones and IGF-1 in children aged 6-9 years. | Fluorocarbons | perfluorohexanesulfonic acid | perfluorononanoic acid | perfluorooctane sulfonic acid | perfluorooctanoic acid | Children | United States | serum | Estradiol | IGF1 | perfluorohexanesulfonic acid | perfluorononanoic acid | perfluorooctane sulfonic acid | perfluorooctanoic acid | Testosterone | Details | estradiol secretion | gene expression | testosterone secretion | |
| 10. | Giwercman AH, et al. (2006). | Gonadotropin levels and sex hormone-binding globulin seem to be affected by persistent organohalogen pollutant exposure, but the pattern of endocrine response is the subject of considerable geographic variation. | Hydrocarbons, Halogenated | Study subjects | Greenland|Poland| Sweden|Ukraine |
serum | 2,4,5,2',4',5'- |
Details | |||
| 11. | Sancini A, et al. (2014). | Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (a biomarker for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) was measured in non-smoker male workers and was related to an increase in plasma estradiol; we believe that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can interact with the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Workers | Italy | plasma | urine | 1-hydroxypyrene | Estradiol | Details |