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Illuminating how chemicals affect human health.
Hydroxy AcidsThese are exposure studies associated with the chemical and all of its children.
| Reference | Associated Study Title | Author's Summary | Study Factors | Stressor | Receptors | Country | Medium | Exposure Marker | Measurements | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Goniewicz ML, et al. (2018). | Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study | These findings provide evidence that using combusted tobacco cigarettes alone or in combination with e-cigarettes is associated with higher concentrations of potentially harmful tobacco constituents in comparison with using e-cigarettes alone. | tobacco | 1,3-butadiene
| 1-hydroxyphenanthrene
| 1-hydroxypyrene
| 1-naphthol
| 2-butenal
| 2-hydroxyfluorene
| 2-naphthol
| 4- |
Study subjects | United States | urine | 1,3-butadiene
| 1-hydroxyphenanthrene
| 1-hydroxypyrene
| 1-naphthol
| 2-butenal
| 2-hydroxyfluorene
| 2-methylhippuric acid
| 2-naphthol
| 4- |
Details | |
| 2. | Shahab L, et al. (2017). | This study assessed whether long-term e-cigarette (EC)-only, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)-only, dual cigarette-EC or dual cigarette-NRT use is associated with differences in metabolites of a) nicotine; b) tobacco-specific nitrosaminess and c) volatile organic compounds (VOC) compared with cigarette-only smokers. | tobacco | 1,3-butadiene
| 2-butenal
| 4- |
Study subjects | United Kingdom | saliva | urine | 1,3-butadiene
| 2- |
Details | ||
| 3. | Hofmann JN, et al. (2013). | Shanghai Women's Health Study (SWHS) | In this nested case-control study among participants in the Shanghai Women's Health Study, we did not find evidence of an association between urinary concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, an established marker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure, and risk of colorectal cancer. | 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Controls for disease:Colorectal Neoplasms | Subjects with disease:Colorectal Neoplasms | Study subjects | China | urine | 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide | Details | Colorectal Neoplasms | |
| 4. | Ayotte P, et al. (2005). | In summary, we found no relation between biomarkers of organochlorine exposure and markers of hepatic enzyme induction in this highly exposed group of fish eaters from the Lower North Shore of the St. Lawrence River. Our results suggest that smoking induces liver CYP1A2 activity, which in turn alters porphyrin metabolism and increases the biotransformation of mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls. | tobacco | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Study subjects | Canada | plasma | urine | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Details | enzyme activator activity | |
| 5. | Patel CJ, et al. (2012). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | We screened for correlation between environmental factors and lipid levels, utilizing four independent surveys with information on 188 environmental factors from the Centers of Disease Control, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, collected between 1999 and 2006. | age | body mass index | race | sex | socioeconomic status | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Study subjects | United States | Details | cholesterol metabolic process | triglyceride metabolic process | ||
| 6. | Béranger R, et al. (2016). | PELAGIE | Prenatal urine concentrations of two glycol ethers metabolites were associated with lower Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV Verbal Comprehension Index scores and Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment Design Copying subscale scores, respectively, at age six. | 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol | carbitol | Ethylene Glycols | n-butoxyacetic acid | phenoxyethanol | Children | Pregnant females | France | urine | carbitol | ethoxyacetic acid | methoxyacetic acid | n-butoxyacetic acid | phenoxyacetic acid | Details | cognition | visual learning | |
| 7. | Arcury TA, et al. (2007). | In this investigation we documented the pesticide urinary metabolite levels of farmworker children in North Carolina, determined the number of different metabolites detected for each child, and delineated risk factors associated with the number of metabolites. | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 3-phenoxybenzoic acid | acetochlor | Atrazine | Chlorpyrifos | Coumaphos | DEET | Diazinon | isazophos | Malathion | metolachlor | Parathion | pirimiphos methyl | Children | United States | urine | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 3-phenoxybenzoic acid | acetochlor | Atrazine | Chlorpyrifos | Coumaphos | DEET | Diazinon | isazophos | Malathion | metolachlor | Parathion | pirimiphos methyl | Details | |||
| 8. | Bakke B, et al. (2009). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | We measured the exposure to atrazine and selected non-persistent pesticides among corn farmers during a growing season; urinary atrazine mercapturate levels in farmers were largely driven by recent application of atrazine; therefore, the amount of atrazine applied is likely to provide valid surrogates of atrazine exposure in epidemiologic studies. | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | acetochlor | Atrazine | Chlorpyrifos | Coumaphos | Diazinon | Malathion | Methyl Parathion | metolachlor | pirimiphos methyl | Pyrethrins | Workers | United States | urine | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | 3-phenoxybenzoic acid | acetochlor mercapturate | atrazine mercapturate | chlorferron | Diazinon | Malathion | Methyl Parathion | metolachlor | pirimiphos methyl | Details | ||
| 9. | Goldner WS, et al. (2010). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | These data support a role of organochlorines, in addition to fungicides, in the etiology of thyroid disease among female spouses enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study. | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | alachlor | Aldrin | Atrazine | Benomyl | butylate | Captan | Carbaryl | Carbon Disulfide | Carbon Tetrachloride | Chlordan | chlorimuron ethyl | Chlorpyrifos | cyanazine | DDT | Diazinon | Dicamba | Dichlorvos | EPTC | Fonofos | Fungicides, Industrial | glyphosate | Heptachlor | Hexachlorocyclohexane | Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated | imazethapyr | Insecticides | Malathion | mancozeb | Maneb | metalaxyl | methyl bromide | metolachlor | metribuzin | Paraquat | Parathion | pendimethalin | Petroleum | terbufos | tetrachloroisophthalonitrile | Trifluralin | Study subjects | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Hyperthyroidism | Hypothyroidism | |||
| 10. | Goldner WS, et al. (2013). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | We found statistically significant associations between specific herbicides and insecticides and hypothyroid disease in male pesticide applicators. | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | alachlor | Aldrin | butylate | Carbofuran | Chlordan | DDT | Diazinon | Dicamba | fenoprop | Heptachlor | Hexachlorocyclohexane | Malathion | metalaxyl | Parathion | Petroleum | Toxaphene | Workers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Hyperthyroidism | Hypothyroidism | |||
| 11. | Waggoner JK, et al. (2013). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | In this large cohort of male farmers, pesticide use, in addition to farm machinery use, was associated with fatal injury. | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | alachlor | butylate | Carbon Disulfide | Carbon Tetrachloride | cyanazine | metribuzin | Paraquat | Ziram | Workers | United States | Details | Death | |||
| 12. | Beard JD, et al. (2014). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | Our study supports a positive association between pesticide exposure and depression, including associations with several specific pesticides. | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | aluminum phosphide | Diazinon | Dieldrin | Ethylene Dibromide | Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated | Malathion | Parathion | Pesticides | Workers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Depressive Disorder | |||
| 13. | Saldana TM, et al. (2007). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | These findings suggest that activities involving exposure to agricultural pesticides during the first trimester of pregnancy may increase the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Atrazine | butylate | Carbofuran | Diazinon | fenoprop | Pesticides | Phorate | Mothers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Diabetes, Gestational | |||
| 14. | Kamel F, et al. (2007). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | This study suggests that exposure to certain pesticides may increase Parkinson's disease risk. | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Benomyl | butylate | Carbon Disulfide | Carbon Tetrachloride | cyanazine | Dicamba | Ethylene Dibromide | Hexachlorocyclohexane | mancozeb | Maneb | methyl bromide | Paraquat | pendimethalin | Pesticides | Phorate | tetrachloroisophthalonitrile | Study subjects | Workers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Parkinson Disease | |||
| 15. | Engel LS, et al. (2005). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | While pesticide use overall is not associated with an increased rate of breast cancer among the wives of farmers in the Agricultural Health Study cohort, use of certain pesticides may be related to increased risk. These include the herbicides 2,4,5-trichloro-phenoxypropionic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, the insecticide dieldrin, and the fungicide captan. | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Captan | Dieldrin | fenoprop | Study subjects | United States | Details | Breast Neoplasms | |||
| 16. | Hoppin JA, et al. (2007). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | These results provide preliminary evidence that pesticide use may increase chronic bronchitis prevalence. | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Carbaryl | Carbofuran | chlorimuron ethyl | DDT | Diazinon | Dichlorvos | fenoprop | Heptachlor | Malathion | Permethrin | Workers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Bronchitis, Chronic | |||
| 17. | Koutros S, et al. (2011). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | We evaluated pesticide-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) interactions between 45 pesticides and 1913 xenobiotic metabolic enzyme SNPs with respect to prostrate cancer among 776 cases and 1444 controls in the Agricultural Health Study. | genetics | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Carbaryl | Diazinon | Dieldrin | Fonofos | Hexachlorocyclohexane | methyl bromide | Petroleum | Phorate | terbufos | Subjects with gene influence:GCLC | Workers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Prostatic Neoplasms | ||
| 18. | Godduhn A, et al. (2013). | Northway Health Study (NHS) | The NHS found complex patterns of association between reported resource uses and cancer and thyroid-, reproductive-, metabolic-, and cardiac problems. | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Chlorine | Pesticides | Petroleum | Vehicle Emissions | Study subjects | United States | Details | Cardiovascular Diseases | Neoplasms | Thyroid Diseases | Urologic Diseases | |||
| 19. | Starling AP, et al. (2014). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | Pesticide use and incident diabetes among wives of farmers in the Agricultural Health Study | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Dieldrin | fenoprop | Fonofos | Parathion | Phorate | Study subjects | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Diabetes Mellitus | |||
| 20. | Vernet C, et al. (2018). | SEPAGES | During pregnancy, phenol biomarkers showed a strong within-day variability, while the variability between days of a given week was more limited. | 2,4-dichlorophenol | 2,5-dichlorophenol | bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone | bisphenol A | butylparaben | ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate | methylparaben | oxybenzone | propylparaben | Triclosan | Pregnant females | France | urine | 2,4-dichlorophenol | 2,5-dichlorophenol | bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone | bisphenol A | butylparaben | ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate | methylparaben | oxybenzone | propylparaben | Triclosan | Details | ||
| 21. | LaRocca J, et al. (2015). | Harvard Epigenetic Birth Cohort (HEBC) | These results suggest that prenatal phenol and phthalate exposure is associated with altered microRNA expression in placenta, suggesting a potential mechanism of endocrine-disrupting chemicals toxicity in humans. | 2,4-dichlorophenol | 2,5-dichlorophenol | bisphenol A | butylbenzyl phthalate | butylparaben | Dibutyl Phthalate | Diethylhexyl Phthalate | diethyl phthalate | diisobutyl phthalate | diisodecyl phthalate | diisononyl phthalate | methylparaben | oxybenzone | Parabens | Phenols | Phthalic Acids | propylparaben | Triclosan | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | United States | placenta | urine | 2,4-dichlorophenol
| 2,5-dichlorophenol
| 2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate
| bisphenol A
| butylparaben
| diisodecyl phthalate
| diisononyl phthalate
| methylparaben
| MIR142
| MIR15A
| MIR185
| mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate
| mono(2- |
Details | regulation of gene silencing by miRNA | |
| 22. | Schreinemachers DM. (2010). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | The results indicate that exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was associated with changes in biomarkers that, based on the published literature, have been linked to risk factors for acute myocardial infarction and type 2 diabetes. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Study subjects | United States | urine | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Details | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 | Heart Diseases | cellular triglyceride homeostasis | glucose metabolic process | insulin metabolic process | thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion | |
| 23. | Carreón T, et al. (2005). | Upper Midwest Health Study (UMHS) | Results show that exposure to pesticides was not associated with an increased risk of intracranial gliomas in women. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
| 2- |
Controls for disease:Glioma | Subjects with disease:Glioma | United States | Details | Glioma | |||
| 24. | Jurewicz J, et al. (2012). | The presented study confirms that farmers' spouses are exposed to pesticides after spraying, which indicates that there is transfer of pesticides from the field to the home environment. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
| 2- |
Study subjects | Poland | urine | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
| 2- |
Details | |||
| 25. | Munger R, et al. (1997). | We conclude that communities in southern Iowa with drinking water supplies contaminated with herbicides have elevated rates of intrauterine growth retardation compared to neighboring communities with different water supplies. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2-xylene | 3-xylene | 4-xylene | alachlor | Atrazine | bromodichloromethane | bromoform | chlorodibromomethane | Chloroform | cyanazine | metolachlor | tetrachloroethane | Pregnant females | United States | water, drinking | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2-xylene | alachlor | Atrazine | bromodichloromethane | bromoform | chlorodibromomethane | Chloroform | cyanazine | metolachlor | tetrachloroethane | Xylenes | Details | Fetal Growth Retardation | ||
| 26. | Swan SH, et al. (2003). | Study for Future Families (SFF) | This is the first population-based study to demonstrate links between specific biomarkers of environmental exposures and biomarkers of male reproduction in humans. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | acetochlor | alachlor | Atrazine | DEET | Diazinon | Malathion | metolachlor | Controls for disease:Infertility, Male | Subjects with disease:Infertility, Male | Study subjects | United States | semen | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | acetochlor | alachlor | Atrazine | DEET | Diazinon | Malathion | metolachlor | Details | Infertility, Male | |
| 27. | Hoppin JA, et al. (2017). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | We evaluated the association of currently used pesticides with allergic and non-allergic wheeze among male farmers, and our results implicate several pesticides that are commonly used in agricultural and residential settings with adverse respiratory effects. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
| acetochlor
| Atrazine
| bentazone
| Carbaryl
| Chlorpyrifos
| clomazone
| clopyralid
| cyfluthrin
| Dicamba
| Dimethoate
| Disulfoton
| fenoxaprop ethyl
| fluazifop-butyl
| glyphosate
| Herbicides
| imazaquin
| Insecticides
| Malathion
| mesotrione
| metolachlor
| N- |
Workers | United States | Details | Respiratory Sounds | Rhinitis, Allergic | |||
| 28. | Hoppin JA, et al. (2002). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | Prevalence of wheeze was associated with individual pesticides independent of animals, crops, and grains. | disease | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | alachlor | Aldicarb | aluminum phosphide | Atrazine | Benomyl | butylate | Captan | Carbaryl | Carbofuran | chlorimuron ethyl | Chlorpyrifos | Coumaphos | cyanazine | Diazinon | Dicamba | Dichlorvos | EPTC | Fonofos | glyphosate | Hexachlorocyclohexane | imazethapyr | Malathion | Maneb | metalaxyl | metolachlor | metribuzin | Paraquat | Parathion | pendimethalin | Permethrin | Petroleum | Phorate | terbufos | tetrachloroisophthalonitrile | Trichlorfon | Trifluralin | Ziram | Subjects with disease:Asthma | Subjects with disease:Ige Responsiveness, Atopic | Workers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Respiratory Sounds | ||
| 29. | Andreotti G, et al. (2014). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | We found two herbicides (alachlor and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and two insecticides (diazinon and aldrin) significantly associated with alterations in relative telomere length in blood DNA. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | alachlor | Aldrin | Diazinon | Workers | United States | Details | telomere maintenance | |||
| 30. | Hou L, et al. (2013). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | Seven pesticides previously associated with cancer risk in the epidemiologic literature were inversely associated with relative telomere length in buccal cell DNA among cancer-free pesticide applicators. | age | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | alachlor | DDT | metolachlor | Permethrin | Toxaphene | Trifluralin | Workers | United States | Details | telomere maintenance | ||
| 31. | Lee WJ, et al. (2007). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | This explorative study suggests an association between the incidence of colorectal cancer and use of certain pesticides, in particularly chlorpyrifos and aldicarb, although some findings could be due to chance. | age | body mass index | tobacco | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Aldicarb | Carbaryl | Chlorpyrifos | Fonofos | Toxaphene | Workers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Colorectal Neoplasms | Rectal Neoplasms | ||
| 32. | Slager RE, et al. (2009). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | Exposure to pesticides may increase the risk of rhinitis. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Benomyl | Carbofuran | Diazinon | glyphosate | Petroleum | Workers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Rhinitis | |||
| 33. | Hoppin JA, et al. (2008). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | These findings suggest that pesticides may contribute to atopic asthma, but not nonatopic asthma, among farm women. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Carbamates | Carbaryl | Coumaphos | DDT | glyphosate | Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated | Malathion | metalaxyl | Organophosphates | Parathion | Permethrin | Pesticides | Phorate | Study subjects | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Asthma | |||
| 34. | Coble J, et al. (2011). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | Revised weighting factors in a pesticide exposure intensity algorithm were developed for use in epidemiologic analyses for the Agricultural Health Study by using exposure monitoring data from two monitoring substudies in combination with the world's exposure literature and Pesticide Handlers Exposure Database. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Chlorpyrifos | Workers | United States | urine | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | Details | ||
| 35. | Thomas KW, et al. (2010). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | This study provides a direct assessment of the intensity score algorithm within the Agricultural Health Study cohort for several application methods. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Chlorpyrifos | Workers | United States | urine | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | Details | ||
| 36. | Thomas KW, et al. (2010). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | This study provides information on pesticide exposures and possible exposure determinants for several application methods commonly used by farmers and will provide information to assess and refine exposure classification; results may also be of use in pesticide safety education for reducing exposures to pesticide applicators. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Chlorpyrifos | Workers | United States | air, personal | body region | hand | urine | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | Chlorpyrifos | Details | ||
| 37. | Mandel JS, et al. (2005). | The results of the study showed that exposure to farm family members can be quantified using biological markers of exposure and the exposure was variable by chemical largely, though not exclusively, determined by the degree of direct contact with the application process. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Chlorpyrifos | Herbicides | Children | Study subjects | Workers | United States | urine | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | Herbicides | Details | |||
| 38. | Aszyk J, et al. (2017). | Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization methods were developed for the simultaneous determination of 42 flavouring compounds and nicotine in liquids for e-cigarettes. | 2,5-dimethylpyrazine | 2,6-lutidine | 2-acetylpyrrole | 5-methyl-2-furfural | benzyl acetate | cyclotene | diethyl succinate | ethyl acetoacetate | ethyl lactate | ethyl maltol | ethyl vanillin | furaneol | gamma-valerolactone | linalool | maltol | Menthol | menthone | methyl cinnamate | methylheptenone | methyl salicylate | Nicotine | pyridine | tetramethylpyrazine | vanillin | Poland | e-cigarette | 2,5-dimethylpyrazine | 2,6-lutidine | 2-acetylpyrrole | 5-methyl-2-furfural | benzyl acetate | cyclotene | diethyl succinate | ethyl acetoacetate | ethyl lactate | ethyl maltol | ethyl vanillin | furaneol | gamma-valerolactone | linalool | maltol | Menthol | menthone | methyl cinnamate | methylheptenone | methyl salicylate | Nicotine | pyridine | tetramethylpyrazine | vanillin | Details | ||||
| 39. | Nazaroff W, et al. (2012). | The study introduces the intake-to-production ratio as an economy-wide quantitative indicator of the extent to which chemical production results in human exposure. This ratio is well suited as an aggregate metric of exposure intensity for characterizing population-level exposure to synthesized chemicals, particularly those that move fairly rapidly from manufacture to human intake and have relatively stable production and intake rates. | 4-dichlorobenzene | bisphenol A | butylbenzyl phthalate | Dibutyl Phthalate | Diethylhexyl Phthalate | diethyl phthalate | diisobutyl phthalate | methylparaben | Triclosan | Study subjects | United States | 4-dichlorobenzene | bisphenol A | butylbenzyl phthalate | Dibutyl Phthalate | Diethylhexyl Phthalate | diethyl phthalate | diisobutyl phthalate | methylparaben | Triclosan | Details | ||||
| 40. | Smarr MM, et al. (2017). | Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment Study (LIFE) | Higher quartiles of preconception urinary concentrations of methyl paraben and ethyl paraben among female partners were associated with reduced couple fecundity in partner-specific and couple-based exposure models. | sex | 4-hydroxybenzoic acid | Anti-Infective Agents | benzylparaben | butylparaben | ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate | heptylparaben | methylparaben | Parabens | propylparaben | protocatechuic acid | triclocarban | Triclosan | Study subjects | United States | urine | 4-hydroxybenzoic acid | benzylparaben | butylparaben | Creatinine | ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate | heptylparaben | methylparaben | propylparaben | protocatechuic acid | triclocarban | Triclosan | Details | Infertility, Female | reproductive process |
| 41. | Dodson RE, et al. (2012). | Common products contain complex mixtures of Endocrine-disrupting compounds and asthma-related compounds. | 4-nonylphenol | 4-tert-octylphenol | benzophenone | benzyl acetate | bisphenol A | butylbenzyl phthalate | butylparaben | decamethylcyclopentasiloxane | Dibutyl Phthalate | dicyclohexyl phthalate | diethanolamine | Diethylhexyl Phthalate | diethyl phthalate | diisobutyl phthalate | diisononyl phthalate | di-n-hexyl phthalate | di-n-octyl phthalate | di-n-propylphthalate | Ethanolamine | ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate | Eugenol | galaxolide | Limonene | linalool | methyleugenol | methylionone | methylparaben | methyl salicylate | musk ketone | musk xylene | n-butoxyethanol | octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane | octylmethoxycinnamate | oxybenzone | phenoxyethanol | Phenyl Ethers | Phenylethyl Alcohol | pichtosin | triclocarban | Triclosan | United States | air freshener | air freshener, car | baking soda | bar soap | body lotion | body wash | Borax | car interior cleaner | carpet cleaner | cat litter | conditioner | deodorant | diaper | dish liquid | dishwasher detergent | dryer sheet | fabric refresher | facial cleanser | facial lotion | floor cleaner | foundation | fragrance or perfume | glass cleaner | hair gel | hair spray or mousse or gel | hand sanitizer | hand soap | laundry bleach | laundry detergent | lip balm | lipstick | mascara | nail polish | pillow protector | polish or wax | scrubbing powder | shampoo | shaving cream | shower curtain, vinyl | stain remover | sunscreen | sunscreen composite | surface cleaner | toilet bowl cleaner | toothpaste | tub and tile cleaner | wet mop | 4-nonylphenol | 4-tert-octylphenol | benzophenone | benzyl acetate | bisphenol A | butylbenzyl phthalate | butylparaben | decamethylcyclopentasiloxane | Dibutyl Phthalate | dicyclohexyl phthalate | diethanolamine | Diethylhexyl Phthalate | diethyl phthalate | diisobutyl phthalate | diisononyl phthalate | di-n-hexyl phthalate | di-n-octyl phthalate | di-n-propylphthalate | Ethanolamine | ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate | Eugenol | galaxolide | Limonene | linalool | methyleugenol | methylionone | methylparaben | methyl salicylate | musk ketone | musk xylene | n-butoxyethanol | octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane | octylmethoxycinnamate | oxybenzone | phenoxyethanol | Phenyl Ethers | Phenylethyl Alcohol | pichtosin | triclocarban | Triclosan | Details | ||||
| 42. | Kim JS, et al. (2003). | We conclude that exposure to Agent Orange is associated with various health impacts in Korean Vietnam veterans. | Agent Orange | Veterans | Vietnam | Details | Diabetes Mellitus | Eczema | Heart Valve Diseases | Hypertension | Myocardial Ischemia | Peripheral Nervous System Diseases | Radiculopathy | Retinal Diseases | ||||
| 43. | Fujiyoshi PT, et al. (2006). | Air Force Health Study | These results show that the mRNA ratio of SLC2A4 to NFKB1 is a reliable marker for the diabetogenic action of dioxin, particularly at very low exposure levels that are not much higher than those found in the general public. | Agent Orange | Veterans | United States | adipose tissue | serum | Dioxins | NFKB1 | SLC2A4 | Details | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 | |
| 44. | Zafar MB, et al. (2001). | Agent Orange may have a role in the causation of some types of cancer but we identified no significant relationship of prostate cancer with Agent Orange exposure in patients referred for prostate biopsy. | Agent Orange | Defoliants, Chemical | Veterans | United States | Details | Prostatic Neoplasms | ||||
| 45. | Kern PA, et al. (2004). | These data suggest that high blood tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) levels, from exposure to Agent Orange, may promote an insulin-resistant state, but the magnitude of this effect appeared to be small, such that an 18-fold increase in blood TCDD resulted in only a 10% change in insulin sensitivity. | Agent Orange | Defoliants, Chemical | Veterans | United States | serum | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Details | Insulin Resistance | ||
| 46. | Michalek JE, et al. (2001). | We found an increased risk of 'other liver disorders' among veterans with the highest dioxin levels; whether the associations observed were causal is unclear from these data. | Agent Orange | Defoliants, Chemical | Veterans | United States | serum | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Details | Liver Diseases | ||
| 47. | Chamie K, et al. (2008). | Individuals who were exposed to Agent Orange had an increased incidence of prostate cancer, developed the disease at a younger age, and had a more aggressive variant than their unexposed counterparts. | Agent Orange | Defoliants, Chemical | Veterans | United States | Details | Prostatic Neoplasms | ||||
| 48. | Beard JD, et al. (2016). | Genes and Environmental Exposures in Veterans with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (GENEVA) | We evaluated associations between military-related factors and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using data from a case-control study of US military veterans; among some of the positive associations (needing confirmation) were exposure to military herbicides, military nasopharyngeal radium, and Agent Orange. | Agent Orange | Defoliants, Chemical | Radium | Subjects with disease:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | Veterans | United States | Details | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | |||
| 49. | Lundström SL, et al. (2011). | Several of the altered oxylipins have known or suspected bronchoprotective or anti-inflammatory effects, suggesting a possible reduced anti-inflammatory response in asthmatics following exposure to subway air. | disease | Air Pollutants | Controls for disease:Asthma | Subjects with disease:Asthma | Sweden | lung | 12,13-epoxy-9- keto-10-octadecenoic acid
| 12- |
Details | negative regulation of inflammatory response | oxylipin biosynthetic process | |
| 50. | Christensen CH, et al. (2016). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | In this case-control study nested within the Agricultural Health Study cohort, we evaluated evidence of statistical interaction between pesticide exposure and single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in steroid hormone signaling, metabolism, or regulation with the risk of prostate cancer. | genetics | alachlor | butylate | Carbaryl | Dicamba | Fonofos | Malathion | terbufos | Subjects with gene influence:ESR1 | Subjects with gene influence:HSD17B4 | Subjects with gene influence:SHBG | Subjects with gene influence:SRD5A1 | Subjects with gene influence:SULT2A1 | Workers | United States | Details | Prostatic Neoplasms |