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Illuminating how chemicals affect human health.
NaphtholsThese are exposure studies associated with the chemical and all of its children.
| Reference | Associated Study Title | Author's Summary | Study Factors | Stressor | Receptors | Country | Medium | Exposure Marker | Measurements | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Aquilina NJ, et al. (2010). | Measurement and Modelling of Air Toxic Concentrations for Health Effect Studies Project (MATCH) | The objective of this study was to analyse environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites in urine samples of non-occupationally exposed non-smoker adult subjects and to establish relationships between airborne exposures and urinary concentrations in order to assess the suitability of the studied metabolites as biomarkers of PAH and ETS, study the use of 3-ethenypyridine as ETS tracer, and link ETS scenarios with exposures to carcinogenic PAH and volatile organic compounds. | tobacco | 1,12-benzoperylene | 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene | 1,3-butadiene | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 3-vinylpyridine | acenaphthene | acenaphthylene | anthracene | benz(a)anthracene | Benzo(a)pyrene | benzo(b)fluoranthene | benzo(k)fluoranthene | chrysene | coronene | fluoranthene | fluorene | hydroxycotinine | indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene | naphthalene | Nicotine | phenanthrene | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | pyrene | Study subjects | United Kingdom | urine | 1,12-benzoperylene | 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene | 1,3-butadiene | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 3-vinylpyridine | acenaphthene | acenaphthylene | anthracene | benz(a)anthracene | Benzo(a)pyrene | benzo(b)fluoranthene | benzo(k)fluoranthene | chrysene | coronene | fluoranthene | fluorene | hydroxycotinine | indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene | naphthalene | Nicotine | phenanthrene | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | pyrene | Details | |
| 2. | Goniewicz ML, et al. (2018). | Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study | These findings provide evidence that using combusted tobacco cigarettes alone or in combination with e-cigarettes is associated with higher concentrations of potentially harmful tobacco constituents in comparison with using e-cigarettes alone. | tobacco | 1,3-butadiene
| 1-hydroxyphenanthrene
| 1-hydroxypyrene
| 1-naphthol
| 2-butenal
| 2-hydroxyfluorene
| 2-naphthol
| 4- |
Study subjects | United States | urine | 1,3-butadiene
| 1-hydroxyphenanthrene
| 1-hydroxypyrene
| 1-naphthol
| 2-butenal
| 2-hydroxyfluorene
| 2-methylhippuric acid
| 2-naphthol
| 4- |
Details | |
| 3. | Goniewicz ML, et al. (2017). | This study showed for the first time that after switching from tobacco to e-cigarettes, nicotine exposure remains unchanged, while exposure to selected carcinogens and toxicants is substantially reduced. | tobacco | 1,3-butadiene
| 2-butenal
| 4- |
Study subjects | Poland | urine | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene
| 1-hydroxypyrene
| 2-hydroxyfluorene
| 2-naphthol
| 3- |
Details | ||
| 4. | Li J, et al. (2018). | Coke-oven Workers (COW) Cohort | Shiyan (SY) Cohort | Wuhan-Zhuhai (WHZH) Cohort | Our findings suggest that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may be associated with an adverse impact on human aging and epigenetic alterations in Chinese populations. | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 1-naphthol | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 4-hydroxyphenanthrene | 9-phenanthrol | fluoren-9-ol | Phenanthrenes | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Study subjects | China | urine | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 1-naphthol | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 4-hydroxyphenanthrene | 9-phenanthrol | fluoren-9-ol | Phenanthrenes | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Details | aging | DNA methylation | |
| 5. | Deng Q, et al. (2014). | Coke-oven Workers (COW) Cohort | We identified five potentially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-associated miRNAs in plasma, and the same miRNAs were associated with a marker of chromosome damage in coke oven workers, suggesting that miRNAs might be a novel mechanism mediating the effects of PAH exposure on chromosome damage. | alcohol drinking | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 1-naphthol | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 4-hydroxyphenanthrene | 9-phenanthrol | fluoren-9-ol | Phenanthrenes | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Workers | China | urine | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 1-naphthol | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 4-hydroxyphenanthrene | 9-phenanthrol | fluoren-9-ol | Phenanthrenes | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Details | miRNA metabolic process |
| 6. | Yang B, et al. (2016). | Our results indicated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure was associated with plasma cytokines, and higher cytokines were associated with decreased heart rate variability, but additional human and potential mechanistic studies are needed. | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 1-naphthol | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 4-hydroxyphenanthrene | 9-phenanthrol | fluoren-9-ol | Phenanthrenes | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Workers | China | urine | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 1-naphthol | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 4-hydroxyphenanthrene | 9-phenanthrol | ALCAM | BDNF | CRP | fluoren-9-ol | Phenanthrenes | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Details | Cardiovascular Diseases | gene expression | ||
| 7. | Li Z, et al. (2012). | This study aimed to investigate the excretion half-life of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-PYR), the most used biomarker for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure, and 9 other mono-hydroxylated metabolites following a dietary exposure in 9 non-smoking volunteers with no occupational exposure to PAHs. | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 1-naphthol | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 4-hydroxyphenanthrene | fluoren-9-ol | Fluorenes | Phenanthrenes | Study subjects | United States | urine | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 1-naphthol | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 4-hydroxyphenanthrene | fluoren-9-ol | Fluorenes | Phenanthrenes | Details | |||
| 8. | Barraza-Villarreal A, et al. (2014). | Biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure were inversely associated with lung function and decrease of pH of exhaled breath condensate as a marker of airway inflammation in Mexican schoolchildren. | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 1-naphthol | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 4-hydroxyphenanthrene | fluoren-9-ol | Fluorenes | Phenanthrenes | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Children | Mexico | urine | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 1-naphthol | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 4-hydroxyphenanthrene | fluoren-9-ol | Fluorenes | Phenanthrenes | Details | respiratory system process | ||
| 9. | Zhou Y, et al. (2016). | Wuhan-Zhuhai (WHZH) Cohort | Total and specific urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites were associated with lung function reduction in a general Chinese population. | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 4-hydroxyphenanthrene | 9-phenanthrol | fluoren-9-ol | Phenanthrenes | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Study subjects | China | urine | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Details | respiratory system process | |
| 10. | Woodruff TJ, et al. (2011). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | Our analysis of the NHANES pregnancy data shows ubiquitous exposure to multiple chemicals during a sensitive period of fetal development. | 1-hydroxypyrene
| 2,2',4,4',5,5'- |
Pregnant females | Study subjects | United States | blood | serum | urine | 1-hydroxypyrene
| 2,2',4,4',5,5'- |
Details | ||
| 11. | Bradman A, et al. (2003). | As a first step in validating this (amniotic fluid) exposure biomarker, we collected 100 amniotic fluid samples slated for disposal and evaluated analytical methods to measure organophosphate and carbamate pesticides and metabolites, synthetic pyrethroid metabolites, herbicides, and chlorinated phenolic compounds. | 1-naphthol | 2,5-dichlorophenol | 2-naphthol | 2-phenylphenol | Carbofuran | diethyl phosphate | dimethyl phosphate | O,O-dimethyl phosphorothionate | Pentachlorophenol | Mothers | United States | amniotic fluid | 1-naphthol | 2,5-dichlorophenol | 2-naphthol | 2-phenylphenol | Carbofuran | diethyl phosphate | dimethyl phosphate | O,O-dimethyl phosphorothionate | Pentachlorophenol | Details | |||
| 12. | Meeker JD, et al. (2004). | In the present study we found associations between urinary metabolites of contemporary-use insecticides and decreased sperm concentration and motility in humans. | 1-naphthol | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | Insecticides | Subjects with disease:Infertility, Male | United States | semen | urine | 1-naphthol | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | Details | Infertility, Male | spermatogenesis | sperm motility | ||
| 13. | Adetona O, et al. (2017). | In this study, we assessed occupational exposure to wildland fire smoke in wildland firefighters by measuring the urinary concentrations of hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; our results suggest that hydroxylated PAHs (especially 4-hydroxyphenanthrene) may be useful biomarkers of wildland fire smoke exposure. | Air Pollutants, Occupational | Smoke | Workers | United States | air, ambient | urine | 1,6- |
Details | |||
| 14. | Kieszak SM, et al. (2002). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | Priority Toxicant Reference Range Study (PTRRS) | The main objective of our study was to determine whether we could use data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) to detect a relation between self-reported food consumption (particularly consumption of fruits, vegetables, and bread products) and urinary levels of pesticides or their metabolites in a population of 978 adults living in the US. | diet | Carbaryl | Chlorpyrifos | naphthalene | Pentachlorophenol | Pesticides | Study subjects | United States | urine | 1-naphthol | 2-isopropoxyphenol | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | 4-nitrophenol | Pentachlorophenol | Details | |
| 15. | Chao YC, et al. (2006). | We conclude that dermal exposure to jet propellant type-8 significantly contributes to the systemic dose and affects the levels of urinary naphthalene metabolites. | JP8 aviation fuel | Military personnel | United States | air, breath | skin | urine | 1-naphthol | 2-naphthol | naphthalene | Details | |||
| 16. | Smith KW, et al. (2012). | Overall, we found that the a priori assigned exposure group and breathing-zone naphthalene were significant predictors of post-shift levels of both urinary biomarkers and that there may be accumulation of 1-naphthol over the work week. Job-related activities such as entering the fuel tank and wearing gloves during the work-shift were found to influence post-shift urinary biomarker levels among participants in the high exposure group. | JP8 aviation fuel | naphthalene | Military personnel | United States | urine | 1-naphthol | 2-naphthol | Details | |||
| 17. | Sul D, et al. (2012). | Korea National Survey for Environmental Pollutants in the Human Body | This study is the first nationwide survey of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nicotine in Korea and provides a background reference range for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nicotine in the Korean general population. | Nicotine | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Study subjects | Korea, Republic of | urine | 1-hydroxypyrene | 2-naphthol | Cotinine | Details | ||
| 18. | Castorina R, et al. (2010). | Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | Our findings indicate that pregnant women in the Salinas Valley are chronically exposed to several current-use organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides and chlorinated phenols, with additional intermittent exposures to other pesticides. Findings suggest that the CHAMACOS cohort has an additional burden of precursor pesticide exposure compared with the national sample, possibly from living and/or working in an agricultural area. | Pesticides | Pregnant females | United States | urine | 1-naphthol | 2,4,5-trichlorophenol | 2,4,6-trichlorophenol | 2,4-dichlorophenol | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2,5-dichlorophenol | 2-naphthol | 2-phenylphenol | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | 3-phenoxybenzoic acid | 4-nitrophenol | acephate | DEET | Dimethoate | Ethylenethiourea | Pentachlorophenol | Details | ||
| 19. | Alshaarawy O, et al. (2016). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | A modest association between levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon urinary biomarkers and cardiovascular disease was detected in US adults. | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Study subjects | United States | urine | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 1-naphthol | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | Details | Cardiovascular Diseases | |
| 20. | Nethery E, et al. (2012). | Study to identify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urine of pregnant women as biomarkers of exposure in air | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Pregnant females | Canada | urine | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 1-naphthol | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 4-hydroxyphenanthrene | fluoren-9-ol | Nitric Oxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Particulate Matter | Details | |||
| 21. | Yoon HS, et al. (2012). | Using the urinary biomarkers 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide (1-OHPG), 2-naphthol, and malondialdehyde (MDA), we evaluated seasonal and regional variations in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and oxidative stress among Korean adults and children. | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Children | Study subjects | Korea, Republic of | urine | 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide | 2-naphthol | Malondialdehyde | Details | |||
| 22. | St Helen G, et al. (2012). | Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites in smokers and nonsmokers, their elimination kinetics in smokers, and the associations between nicotine intake, tobacco biomarkers, and PAH metabolites in smokers were investigated. | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Study subjects | Poland|United States | urine | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene
| 1-hydroxypyrene
| 2-hydroxyfluorene
| 2-naphthol
| 4- |
Details | |||
| 23. | Zhu X, et al. (2016). | Wuhan-Zhuhai (WHZH) Cohort | We identified DNA methylation markers associated with smoking in a Chinese population, including some markers that were also correlated with gene expression. | tobacco | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Study subjects | China | urine | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 1-naphthol | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 4-hydroxyphenanthrene | 9-phenanthrol | fluoren-9-ol | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Details | DNA methylation on cytosine within a CG sequence |
| 24. | Zhang X, et al. (2015). | Our results show that occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust can induce increases in micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridge, and nuclear bud frequencies in peripheral blood lymphocytes. | Vehicle Emissions | Workers | China | air, indoor | urine | 1,12-benzoperylene | 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 9-phenanthrol | acenaphthene | acenaphthylene | anthracene | benz(a)anthracene | Benzo(a)pyrene | benzo(b)fluoranthene | benzo(k)fluoranthene | Carbon | chrysene | fluoranthene | fluorene | indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene | naphthalene | Particulate Matter | phenanthrene | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Details | Chromosome Aberrations | Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective | micronucleus organization |