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Illuminating how chemicals affect human health.
PyridinesThese are exposure studies associated with the chemical and all of its children.
| Reference | Associated Study Title | Author's Summary | Study Factors | Stressor | Receptors | Country | Medium | Exposure Marker | Measurements | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Aquilina NJ, et al. (2010). | Measurement and Modelling of Air Toxic Concentrations for Health Effect Studies Project (MATCH) | The objective of this study was to analyse environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites in urine samples of non-occupationally exposed non-smoker adult subjects and to establish relationships between airborne exposures and urinary concentrations in order to assess the suitability of the studied metabolites as biomarkers of PAH and ETS, study the use of 3-ethenypyridine as ETS tracer, and link ETS scenarios with exposures to carcinogenic PAH and volatile organic compounds. | tobacco | 1,12-benzoperylene | 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene | 1,3-butadiene | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 3-vinylpyridine | acenaphthene | acenaphthylene | anthracene | benz(a)anthracene | Benzo(a)pyrene | benzo(b)fluoranthene | benzo(k)fluoranthene | chrysene | coronene | fluoranthene | fluorene | hydroxycotinine | indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene | naphthalene | Nicotine | phenanthrene | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | pyrene | Study subjects | United Kingdom | urine | 1,12-benzoperylene | 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene | 1,3-butadiene | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 3-vinylpyridine | acenaphthene | acenaphthylene | anthracene | benz(a)anthracene | Benzo(a)pyrene | benzo(b)fluoranthene | benzo(k)fluoranthene | chrysene | coronene | fluoranthene | fluorene | hydroxycotinine | indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene | naphthalene | Nicotine | phenanthrene | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | pyrene | Details | |
| 2. | Goniewicz ML, et al. (2018). | Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study | These findings provide evidence that using combusted tobacco cigarettes alone or in combination with e-cigarettes is associated with higher concentrations of potentially harmful tobacco constituents in comparison with using e-cigarettes alone. | tobacco | 1,3-butadiene
| 1-hydroxyphenanthrene
| 1-hydroxypyrene
| 1-naphthol
| 2-butenal
| 2-hydroxyfluorene
| 2-naphthol
| 4- |
Study subjects | United States | urine | 1,3-butadiene
| 1-hydroxyphenanthrene
| 1-hydroxypyrene
| 1-naphthol
| 2-butenal
| 2-hydroxyfluorene
| 2-methylhippuric acid
| 2-naphthol
| 4- |
Details | |
| 3. | Shahab L, et al. (2017). | This study assessed whether long-term e-cigarette (EC)-only, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)-only, dual cigarette-EC or dual cigarette-NRT use is associated with differences in metabolites of a) nicotine; b) tobacco-specific nitrosaminess and c) volatile organic compounds (VOC) compared with cigarette-only smokers. | tobacco | 1,3-butadiene
| 2-butenal
| 4- |
Study subjects | United Kingdom | saliva | urine | 1,3-butadiene
| 2- |
Details | ||
| 4. | Goniewicz ML, et al. (2017). | This study showed for the first time that after switching from tobacco to e-cigarettes, nicotine exposure remains unchanged, while exposure to selected carcinogens and toxicants is substantially reduced. | tobacco | 1,3-butadiene
| 2-butenal
| 4- |
Study subjects | Poland | urine | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene
| 1-hydroxypyrene
| 2-hydroxyfluorene
| 2-naphthol
| 3- |
Details | ||
| 5. | Meeker JD, et al. (2004). | In the present study we found associations between urinary metabolites of contemporary-use insecticides and decreased sperm concentration and motility in humans. | 1-naphthol | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | Insecticides | Subjects with disease:Infertility, Male | United States | semen | urine | 1-naphthol | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | Details | Infertility, Male | spermatogenesis | sperm motility | ||
| 6. | Bakke B, et al. (2009). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | We measured the exposure to atrazine and selected non-persistent pesticides among corn farmers during a growing season; urinary atrazine mercapturate levels in farmers were largely driven by recent application of atrazine; therefore, the amount of atrazine applied is likely to provide valid surrogates of atrazine exposure in epidemiologic studies. | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | acetochlor | Atrazine | Chlorpyrifos | Coumaphos | Diazinon | Malathion | Methyl Parathion | metolachlor | pirimiphos methyl | Pyrethrins | Workers | United States | urine | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | 3-phenoxybenzoic acid | acetochlor mercapturate | atrazine mercapturate | chlorferron | Diazinon | Malathion | Methyl Parathion | metolachlor | pirimiphos methyl | Details | ||
| 7. | Goldner WS, et al. (2010). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | These data support a role of organochlorines, in addition to fungicides, in the etiology of thyroid disease among female spouses enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study. | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | alachlor | Aldrin | Atrazine | Benomyl | butylate | Captan | Carbaryl | Carbon Disulfide | Carbon Tetrachloride | Chlordan | chlorimuron ethyl | Chlorpyrifos | cyanazine | DDT | Diazinon | Dicamba | Dichlorvos | EPTC | Fonofos | Fungicides, Industrial | glyphosate | Heptachlor | Hexachlorocyclohexane | Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated | imazethapyr | Insecticides | Malathion | mancozeb | Maneb | metalaxyl | methyl bromide | metolachlor | metribuzin | Paraquat | Parathion | pendimethalin | Petroleum | terbufos | tetrachloroisophthalonitrile | Trifluralin | Study subjects | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Hyperthyroidism | Hypothyroidism | |||
| 8. | Waggoner JK, et al. (2013). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | In this large cohort of male farmers, pesticide use, in addition to farm machinery use, was associated with fatal injury. | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | alachlor | butylate | Carbon Disulfide | Carbon Tetrachloride | cyanazine | metribuzin | Paraquat | Ziram | Workers | United States | Details | Death | |||
| 9. | Kamel F, et al. (2007). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | This study suggests that exposure to certain pesticides may increase Parkinson's disease risk. | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Benomyl | butylate | Carbon Disulfide | Carbon Tetrachloride | cyanazine | Dicamba | Ethylene Dibromide | Hexachlorocyclohexane | mancozeb | Maneb | methyl bromide | Paraquat | pendimethalin | Pesticides | Phorate | tetrachloroisophthalonitrile | Study subjects | Workers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Parkinson Disease | |||
| 10. | Carreón T, et al. (2005). | Upper Midwest Health Study (UMHS) | Results show that exposure to pesticides was not associated with an increased risk of intracranial gliomas in women. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
| 2- |
Controls for disease:Glioma | Subjects with disease:Glioma | United States | Details | Glioma | |||
| 11. | Hoppin JA, et al. (2017). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | We evaluated the association of currently used pesticides with allergic and non-allergic wheeze among male farmers, and our results implicate several pesticides that are commonly used in agricultural and residential settings with adverse respiratory effects. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
| acetochlor
| Atrazine
| bentazone
| Carbaryl
| Chlorpyrifos
| clomazone
| clopyralid
| cyfluthrin
| Dicamba
| Dimethoate
| Disulfoton
| fenoxaprop ethyl
| fluazifop-butyl
| glyphosate
| Herbicides
| imazaquin
| Insecticides
| Malathion
| mesotrione
| metolachlor
| N- |
Workers | United States | Details | Respiratory Sounds | Rhinitis, Allergic | |||
| 12. | Hoppin JA, et al. (2002). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | Prevalence of wheeze was associated with individual pesticides independent of animals, crops, and grains. | disease | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | alachlor | Aldicarb | aluminum phosphide | Atrazine | Benomyl | butylate | Captan | Carbaryl | Carbofuran | chlorimuron ethyl | Chlorpyrifos | Coumaphos | cyanazine | Diazinon | Dicamba | Dichlorvos | EPTC | Fonofos | glyphosate | Hexachlorocyclohexane | imazethapyr | Malathion | Maneb | metalaxyl | metolachlor | metribuzin | Paraquat | Parathion | pendimethalin | Permethrin | Petroleum | Phorate | terbufos | tetrachloroisophthalonitrile | Trichlorfon | Trifluralin | Ziram | Subjects with disease:Asthma | Subjects with disease:Ige Responsiveness, Atopic | Workers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Respiratory Sounds | ||
| 13. | Thomas KW, et al. (2010). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | This study provides a direct assessment of the intensity score algorithm within the Agricultural Health Study cohort for several application methods. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Chlorpyrifos | Workers | United States | urine | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | Details | ||
| 14. | Thomas KW, et al. (2010). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | This study provides information on pesticide exposures and possible exposure determinants for several application methods commonly used by farmers and will provide information to assess and refine exposure classification; results may also be of use in pesticide safety education for reducing exposures to pesticide applicators. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Chlorpyrifos | Workers | United States | air, personal | body region | hand | urine | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | Chlorpyrifos | Details | ||
| 15. | Coble J, et al. (2011). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | Revised weighting factors in a pesticide exposure intensity algorithm were developed for use in epidemiologic analyses for the Agricultural Health Study by using exposure monitoring data from two monitoring substudies in combination with the world's exposure literature and Pesticide Handlers Exposure Database. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Chlorpyrifos | Workers | United States | urine | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | Details | ||
| 16. | Mandel JS, et al. (2005). | The results of the study showed that exposure to farm family members can be quantified using biological markers of exposure and the exposure was variable by chemical largely, though not exclusively, determined by the degree of direct contact with the application process. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Chlorpyrifos | Herbicides | Children | Study subjects | Workers | United States | urine | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | Herbicides | Details | |||
| 17. | Aszyk J, et al. (2017). | Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization methods were developed for the simultaneous determination of 42 flavouring compounds and nicotine in liquids for e-cigarettes. | 2,5-dimethylpyrazine | 2,6-lutidine | 2-acetylpyrrole | 5-methyl-2-furfural | benzyl acetate | cyclotene | diethyl succinate | ethyl acetoacetate | ethyl lactate | ethyl maltol | ethyl vanillin | furaneol | gamma-valerolactone | linalool | maltol | Menthol | menthone | methyl cinnamate | methylheptenone | methyl salicylate | Nicotine | pyridine | tetramethylpyrazine | vanillin | Poland | e-cigarette | 2,5-dimethylpyrazine | 2,6-lutidine | 2-acetylpyrrole | 5-methyl-2-furfural | benzyl acetate | cyclotene | diethyl succinate | ethyl acetoacetate | ethyl lactate | ethyl maltol | ethyl vanillin | furaneol | gamma-valerolactone | linalool | maltol | Menthol | menthone | methyl cinnamate | methylheptenone | methyl salicylate | Nicotine | pyridine | tetramethylpyrazine | vanillin | Details | ||||
| 18. | Farsalinos KE, et al. (2015). | The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nicotine delivery potential of a new-generation electronic cigarette (EC) device in a group of smokers with no previous experience in EC use compared to a group of experienced vapers, and to examine the association between nicotine absorption and puffing topography. | tobacco | 2-butenal
| 4- |
Study subjects | Greece | e-cigarette, liquid | plasma | 2-butenal
| 4- |
Details | ||
| 19. | Bitzer ZT, et al. (2018). | In this study, we examined free radical, nicotine, and carbonyl delivery from the standardized research e-cigarette (SREC), Blu and Vuse under different puffing parameters to capture the likely changes across different user behaviors. | 2-butenal | Acetaldehyde | Acetone | Acrolein | Formaldehyde | Free Radicals | methylethyl ketone | Nicotine | propionaldehyde | United States | e-cigarette, vapor | 2-butenal | Acetaldehyde | Acetone | Acrolein | Formaldehyde | Free Radicals | methylethyl ketone | Nicotine | propionaldehyde | Details | ||||
| 20. | Lu C, et al. (2006). | We were able to demonstrate that an organic diet provides a dramatic and immediate protective effect against exposures to organophosphorus pesticides that are commonly used in agricultural production. | diet | 2- |
Children | United States | urine | 2- |
Details | ||
| 21. | Fortenberry GZ, et al. (2014). | Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between in utero exposure to chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and/or 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY) and ADHD in school-age Mexican children using TCPY as a biomarker of exposure. | sex | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | Chlorpyrifos | chlorpyrifos-methyl | Lead | Children | Pregnant females | Mexico | blood | urine | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | Lead | Details | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity | behavior | cognition |
| 22. | Farsalinos KE, et al. (2015). | In this study, electronic cigarette liquids were evaluated for the presence of selected tobacco-derived chemicals. | 4- |
Greece|United States | cigarette | e-cigarette, liquid | 4- |
Details | ||||
| 23. | Reilly SM, et al. (2018). | In conclusion, this brief report demonstrates the relative oxidant and nicotine levels produced by the Juul product as well as characterizes the propylene glycol: glycerol and nicotine content in the e-liquid itself. | Acetaldehyde | Acetone | Formaldehyde | Nicotine | propionaldehyde | United States | e-cigarette, liquid | Acetaldehyde | Acetone | Formaldehyde | Nicotine | propionaldehyde | Details | ||||
| 24. | Tayyarah R, et al. (2014). | The purpose of this study was to determine content and delivery of e-cigarette ingredients and to compare e-cigarette aerosol to conventional cigarettes with respect to select harmful and potentially harmful constituents for which conventional cigarette smoke is routinely tested. | tobacco | Acetaldehyde | Acrolein | Carbon Monoxide | Particulate Matter | Phenol | Phenols | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | propionaldehyde | Volatile Organic Compounds | United States | air | e-cigarette, vapor | Acetaldehyde | Acrolein | Carbon Monoxide | Nicotine | Phenol | Phenols | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | propionaldehyde | Volatile Organic Compounds | Details | |||
| 25. | Marfo JT, et al. (2015). | Urinary N-desmethylacetamiprid can be used as a biomarker for environmental exposure to acetamiprid, and detection of N-desmethylacetamiprid was associated with increased prevalence of neurological symptoms. | acetamiprid | Insecticides | Controls for disease:Neurologic Manifestations | Subjects with disease:Neurologic Manifestations | Study subjects | Japan | urine | clothianidin | N-desmethylacetamiprid | nitenpyram | thiacloprid | Thiamethoxam | Details | Neurologic Manifestations | ||
| 26. | Lebov JF, et al. (2016). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | In this study of male pesticide applicators, risk of end-stage renal disease increased with increasing cumulative exposure to several pesticides, including the herbicides alachlor, metolachlor, paraquat and pendimethalin, and the insecticide permethrin. | alachlor | Aldicarb | Atrazine | Chlordan | Coumaphos | imazethapyr | metalaxyl | metolachlor | Paraquat | Parathion | pendimethalin | Permethrin | Petroleum | Phorate | Workers | United States | Details | Kidney Failure, Chronic | |||
| 27. | Andreotti G, et al. (2010). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | Using data from the Agricultural Health Study, we examined the association between body mass index (BMI) and the risk of cancer at 17 sites and the interaction between BMI and pesticide use. | body mass index | tobacco | alachlor | Atrazine | Carbaryl | Carbofuran | chlorimuron ethyl | Chlorpyrifos | cyanazine | DDT | Diazinon | EPTC | Fonofos | glyphosate | Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated | imazethapyr | Malathion | methyl bromide | metolachlor | metribuzin | Organophosphates | pendimethalin | Permethrin | terbufos | Trifluralin | Study subjects | Workers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Breast Neoplasms | Colonic Neoplasms | Lung Neoplasms | ||
| 28. | Henneberger PK, et al. (2014). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | The findings from this study suggest that use of selected pesticides might be risk factors for exacerbation of symptoms among adult pesticide applicators with active allergic asthma. | disease | Aldicarb | butylate | cyanazine | glyphosate | metribuzin | Paraquat | pendimethalin | Subjects with disease:Asthma | Controls for disease:Hypersensitivity | Subjects with disease:Hypersensitivity | Workers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Asthma | ||
| 29. | Kamel F, et al. (2014). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | Farming and Movement Evaluation Study (FAME) | Polyunsaturated fatty acid intake was consistently associated with lower Parkinson's disease (PD) risk, and dietary fats modified the association of PD risk with pesticide exposure. | alpha-Linolenic Acid | Fatty Acids | Fatty Acids, Unsaturated | Paraquat | Rotenone | Controls for disease:Parkinson Disease | Subjects with disease:Parkinson Disease | Workers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Parkinson Disease | |||
| 30. | Campbell RC, et al. (2014). | The aim of this study was to determine whether there are predictable relationships among major arsenic species in tobacco that could be useful for risk assessment; the dominance of inorganic arsenic species among those components analysed is a marked feature of the diverse range of tobaccos selected for study. | tobacco | Arsenicals | Nicotine | tobacco tar | Bulgaria|China| United Kingdom|United States |
tobacco | Arsenicals | Cacodylic Acid | monomethylarsonic acid | Nicotine | tobacco tar | Details | |||
| 31. | Zablotska LB, et al. (2008). | Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) | Intakes of B-vitamins and antioxidants, at doses greater than the current recommended daily amounts for the country, may reduce the risk of arsenic-related skin lesions in Bangladesh. | age | body mass index | sex | socioeconomic status | Arsenic | Ascorbic Acid | Folic Acid | Pyridoxine | Riboflavin | Vitamin A | Vitamin E | Study subjects | Bangladesh | Details | Skin Ulcer | ||
| 32. | Valcin M, et al. (2007). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | Pesticides as well as grain and dust exposures were associated with chronic bronchitis among nonsmoking farm women. | Asbestos | cyanazine | DDT | Dichlorvos | Gasoline | methyl bromide | Paraquat | Solvents | Study subjects | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Bronchitis, Chronic | |||
| 33. | Pankow JF, et al. (2017). | We investigated formation of benzene (an important human carcinogen) from e-cigarette fluids containing propylene glycol (PG), glycerol (GL), benzoic acid, the flavor chemical benzaldehyde, and nicotine. | benzaldehyde | Benzene | Benzoic Acid | Glycerol | Nicotine | Propylene Glycol | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | United States | e-cigarette, liquid | e-cigarette, vapor | Benzene | Benzoic Acid | Nicotine | Particulate Matter | Details | Neoplasms | |||
| 34. | Ferrari M, et al. (2015). | The short-term use of the specific brand of nicotine-free e-cigarette assessed in this study had no immediate adverse effects on non-smokers and only small effects on forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced expiratory flow 25% in smokers. | tobacco | Benzoic Acid | ethyl carbonate | Nicotine | Propylene Glycol | quinoline | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Study subjects | Italy | Details | respiratory gaseous exchange | |||
| 35. | Hoppin JA, et al. (2009). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | Pesticides may be an overlooked contributor to asthma risk among farmers. | Captan | Carbon Disulfide | Carbon Tetrachloride | Chlordan | Coumaphos | DDT | Diazinon | EPTC | Ethylene Dibromide | fenoprop | Heptachlor | Hexachlorocyclohexane | Malathion | Paraquat | Parathion | Phorate | Workers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Asthma | |||
| 36. | Kieszak SM, et al. (2002). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | Priority Toxicant Reference Range Study (PTRRS) | The main objective of our study was to determine whether we could use data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) to detect a relation between self-reported food consumption (particularly consumption of fruits, vegetables, and bread products) and urinary levels of pesticides or their metabolites in a population of 978 adults living in the US. | diet | Carbaryl | Chlorpyrifos | naphthalene | Pentachlorophenol | Pesticides | Study subjects | United States | urine | 1-naphthol | 2-isopropoxyphenol | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | 4-nitrophenol | Pentachlorophenol | Details | |
| 37. | Farahat FM, et al. (2011). | Our findings demonstrate a statistically significant dose-effect inverse correlation between urinary 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and both plasma butyrylcholinesterase and red blood cell acetylcholinesterase in humans exposed occupationally to chlorpyrifos. | Chlorpyrifos | Workers | Egypt | erythrocyte | plasma | urine | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | ACHE | BCHE | Details | |||
| 38. | van Wendel de Joode B, et al. (2016). | Our findings indicate that children living near banana and plantain plantations are exposed to pesticides that may affect their neurodevelopment, which for certain domains may differ between boys and girls. | sex | Chlorpyrifos | mancozeb | Pyrethrins | Children | Costa Rica | urine | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | 3-phenoxybenzoic acid | Ethylenethiourea | Details | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity | behavior | cognition | learned vocalization behavior or vocal learning | memory | visual perception | |
| 39. | Berkowitz GS, et al. (2004). | Children's Environmental Health Study | In this report we evaluate the effects of pesticide exposure on birth weight, length, head circumference, and gestational age among 404 births between May 1998 and May 2002. | Chlorpyrifos | Pentachlorophenol | Pyrethrins | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | United States | urine | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | 3-phenoxybenzoic acid | Pentachlorophenol | Details | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | |
| 40. | Lin VY, et al. (2018). | Here, we sought to determine if e-cigs are as safe as the general populace perceives, in regards to the deleterious effects of smoking on the ion transport environment of airway epithelia that are associated with chronic bronchitis. | tobacco | Citric Acid | Glycerol | Nicotine | United States | e-cigarette, vapor | Acrolein | Details | Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive | active ion transmembrane transporter activity | ||
| 41. | Braun JM, et al. (2010). | Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) | We observed a dose-dependent relationship between the number of serum cotinine measurements consistent with secondhand or active tobacco smoke exposure during the latter two-thirds of pregnancy and meconium tobacco smoke metabolite concentrations. | Cotinine | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | United States | meconium | serum | Cotinine | Nicotine | Details | Birth Weight | |
| 42. | Rudel RA, et al. (2003). | This study provides a basis for prioritizing toxicology and exposure research for individual endocrine-disrupting compounds and mixtures and provides new tools for exposure assessment in health studies. | Endocrine Disruptors | United States | air, indoor | dust | 2,2',4,4',5-brominated diphenyl ether
| 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether
| 2,3,3',4,4'- |
Details | ||||
| 43. | Antoniewicz L, et al. (2016). | In healthy volunteers, ten puffs of e-cigarette vapor inhalation caused an increase in endothelial progenitor cells. | Ethanol | Glycerol | Nicotine | Propylene Glycol | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Study subjects | Sweden | breath | plasma | Cotinine | Nitric Oxide | Details | stem cell population maintenance | ||
| 44. | Valentine GW, et al. (2016). | Brief use of a widely available type of e-cigarette containing an e-liquid purchased from an Internet vendor can negatively impact psychomotor performance and in some instances, produce detectable levels of a urine alcohol metabolite. | Ethanol | Nicotine | Study subjects | United States | urine | ethyl glucuronide | Details | psychomotor behavior | ||
| 45. | Son Y, et al. (2018). | This study examined the impact of e-liquid composition, e-cigarette device power output, and vaping topography on nicotine and nicotyrine concentrations under real-world vaping patterns. | Glycerol | Nicotine | Propylene Glycol | Study subjects | United States | e-cigarette, vapor | alpha-nicotyrine | Nicotine | Details | |||
| 46. | Ward MH, et al. (2006). | Our results indicate that agricultural crop maps may be a useful method for estimating levels of herbicides in homes from nearby crop fields. | Herbicides | Study subjects | Workers | United States | dust, house | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | acetochlor | alachlor | Atrazine | bentazone | Dicamba | fluazifop-butyl | Herbicides | metolachlor | pendimethalin | Trifluralin | Details | |||
| 47. | Koutros S, et al. (2009). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | Significant excess risks of bladder and colon cancers were observed in the Agricultural Health Study among applicators exposed to the heterocyclic aromatic amine herbicide imazethapyr. | imazethapyr | Workers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Colonic Neoplasms | Urinary Bladder Neoplasms | |||
| 48. | Ritz BR, et al. (2009). | Our population-based case-control study of Parkinson's Disease (PD) conducted in a California population heavily exposed to pesticides replicates and extends evidence for an association between dopamine transporter (DAT) variants and PD and highlights possible interactions of disease-associated DAT susceptibility alleles and pesticide exposure. | genetics | Maneb | Paraquat | Subjects with gene influence:SLC6A3 | Workers | United States | Details | Parkinson Disease | |||
| 49. | Costello S, et al. (2009). | This study provides evidence that exposure to a combination of maneb and paraquat increases Parkinson's Disease risk, particularly in younger subjects and/or when exposure occurs at younger ages. | age | Maneb | Paraquat | Study subjects | United States | Details | Parkinson Disease | |||
| 50. | Goniewicz ML, et al. (2018). | Product testing results and participants' high urinary cotinine levels provide physiological evidence for significant nicotine exposure among pod users. | tobacco | Nicotine | Children | United States | e-cigarette, liquid | e-cigarette, vapor | urine | Cotinine | Nicotine | Details |