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Illuminating how chemicals affect human health.
Mental DisordersThese are exposure studies associated with the disease and all of its children.
| Reference | Associated Study Title | Author's Summary | Study Factors | Stressor | Receptors | Country | Medium | Exposure Marker | Measurements | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Kalkbrenner AE, et al. (2018). | Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) | Some air toxics were associated with autism spectrum disorder risk and severity, including some traffic-related air pollutants and newly-reported associations, but other previously reported associations with metals and volatile organic compounds were not reproducible. | 1,4-dioxane | 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate | 4-dichlorobenzene | benzidine | bromoform | Carbon Disulfide | chlorobenzene | Dibenzofurans | methyl tert-butyl ether | propionaldehyde | Urethane | Controls for disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | Subjects with disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | United States | Details | Autism Spectrum Disorder | |||
| 2. | Hertz-Picciotto I, et al. (2011). | Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE) | Children with autism/autism spectrum disorder and developmental delay were similar to typically developing controls for all polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners, but levels were high for all three groups. | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,6,6'- |
Subjects with disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | Controls for disease:Developmental Disabilities | Subjects with disease:Developmental Disabilities | United States | serum | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,6,6'- |
Details | ||
| 3. | Forns J, et al. (2016). | Norwegian Human Milk Study (HUMIS) | Within a mixture of 24 toxicants measured in breast milk, p,p'-DDT was the single toxicant associated with behavioral problems at 12 months using different methods for handling numerous correlated exposures. | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Infants or newborns | Mothers | Norway | milk, human | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Details | Child Behavior Disorders | |
| 4. | Fitzgerald EF, et al. (2008). | The results suggest that exposure to Polychlorinated biphenyls may be associated with some measures of memory and learning and depression among adults 55-74 years of age whose current body burdens are similar to those of the general population. | age | sex | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Study subjects | United States | blood | serum | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Details | Depressive Disorder | cognition | |
| 5. | Braun JM, et al. (2014). | Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | We used a semi-Bayesian hierarchical regression model to estimate associations between prenatal blood or urine concentrations of 52 suspected endocrine disrupting chemicals and autistic behaviors at 4 and 5 years of age in a prospective birth cohort of 175 mothers and their children. | socioeconomic status | tobacco | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Children | Pregnant females | Study subjects | United States | serum | urine | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Details | Autism Spectrum Disorder |
| 6. | Lyall K, et al. (2017). | Early Markers for Autism (EMA) | Project Baby's Breath (PBB) | The overall pattern of our results suggests increases in risk of autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability without autism with prenatal exposure to higher levels of a number of organochlorine compounds, particularly polychlorinated biphenyl ethers. | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Controls for disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | Subjects with disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | Children | Controls for disease:Intellectual Disability | Subjects with disease:Intellectual Disability | Pregnant females | United States | serum | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Details | Autism Spectrum Disorder | Intellectual Disability | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | |
| 7. | Herbstman JB, et al. (2010). | This epidemiologic study demonstrates neurodevelopmental effects in relation to cord blood polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations. | 2,2',4,4',5,6'- |
Infants or newborns | United States | blood, cord | 2,2',3,4,4',5',6- |
Details | Intellectual Disability | Psychomotor Disorders | cognition | ||
| 8. | Beard JD, et al. (2014). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | Our study supports a positive association between pesticide exposure and depression, including associations with several specific pesticides. | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | aluminum phosphide | Diazinon | Dieldrin | Ethylene Dibromide | Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated | Malathion | Parathion | Pesticides | Workers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Depressive Disorder | |||
| 9. | Beard JD, et al. (2013). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | Our study adds further evidence that high level pesticide exposure, such as pesticide poisoning, is associated with increased risk of depression and sets a lower bound on the level of exposure related to depression, thereby providing reassurance that the moderate levels of pesticide exposure experienced by farmers' wives likely do not increase risk. | age | tobacco | 2- |
Study subjects | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Depressive Disorder | ||
| 10. | Lyall K, et al. (2018). | Early Markers for Autism (EMA) | Results from this large case-control study with prospectively collected prenatal measurements do not support the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances is positively associated with autism spectrum disorder or intellectual disability. | 2- |
Subjects with disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | Children | Subjects with disease:Intellectual Disability | Pregnant females | United States | serum | 2- |
Details | Autism Spectrum Disorder | Intellectual Disability | |
| 11. | Yu CJ, et al. (2016). | This case-control study found that 4-nonylphenol exposure was not a risk factor for Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity in school-age children in Taiwan after adjusting for confounding factors. | 4-nonylphenol | Lead | Controls for disease:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity | Subjects with disease:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity | Children | Taiwan, Province of China | blood | urine | 4-nonylphenol | Lead | Details | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity | ||
| 12. | Kalkbrenner AE, et al. (2010). | Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network (ADDM) | Our screening design was limited by exposure misclassification of air pollutants and the use of an alternate developmental disorder as the control group, both of which may have biased results toward the null. Despite these limitations, methylene chloride, quinoline, and styrene emerged (based on this analysis and prior epidemiologic evidence) as candidates that warrant further investigation for a possible role in autism etiology. | Air Pollutants | United States | air | 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane | 1,3-butadiene | 1,3-dichloro-1-propene | Acetaldehyde | Acrolein | Acrylonitrile | Arsenicals | Benzene | Beryllium | Cadmium Compounds | Carbon Tetrachloride | Chloroform | Chromium Compounds | Coke | ethylbenzene | Ethylene Dibromide | ethylene dichloride | Ethylene Oxide | Formaldehyde | Hexachlorobenzene | Hexanes | hydrazine | Lead | Manganese Compounds | Mercury Compounds | Methylene Chloride | methyl tert-butyl ether | Nickel | Polychlorinated Biphenyls | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | propionaldehyde | propylene dichloride | quinoline | Styrene | Tetrachloroethylene | Toluene | Trichloroethylene | Vehicle Emissions | Vinyl Chloride | Xylenes | Details | Autism Spectrum Disorder | ||
| 13. | Windham GC, et al. (2006). | Our results suggest a potential association between autism and estimated metal concentrations, and possibly chlorinated solvents, in ambient air around the birth residence, requiring confirmation and more refined exposure assessment in future studies. | Air Pollutants | Controls for disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | Subjects with disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | Children | United States | air, ambient | Arsenic | Benzene | Cadmium | Chromium | ethylbenzene | hydrazine | Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated | Lead | Manganese | Mercury | Metals, Heavy | Methylene Chloride | Nickel | Particulate Matter | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Solvents | Styrene | Tetrachloroethylene | Toluene | Trichloroethylene | Vinyl Chloride | Xylenes | Details | Autism Spectrum Disorder | ||
| 14. | Volk HE, et al. (2011). | Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE) | Autism was also associated with residential proximity to a freeway during the third trimester. | Air Pollutants | Study subjects | United States | Details | Autistic Disorder | |||
| 15. | Newman NC, et al. (2013). | Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study (CCAAPS) | Elemental carbon attributed to traffic exposure during infancy was associated with higher Hyperactivity scores in children; this association was limited to children whose mothers had more than a high school education. | Air Pollutants | Carbon | Particulate Matter | Children | United States | Particulate Matter | Details | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity | Conduct Disorder | ||
| 16. | Chiu YH, et al. (2016). | Asthma Coalition on Community, Environment, and Social Stress (ACCESS) | Increased particulate matter PM2.5 exposure in specific prenatal windows may be associated with poorer function across memory and attention domains with variable associations based on sex. | sex | Air Pollutants | Vehicle Emissions | Children | Fetuses | Pregnant females | United States | air, ambient | Particulate Matter | Details | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | learning or memory | memory |
| 17. | Nevison CD. (2014). | Temporal trends in autism were constructed both by tracking prevalence at a constant age in a series of historical IDEA reports and by computing prevalence from age-resolved snapshots in individual, recent IDEA reports. | Aluminum | glyphosate | Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers | Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated | Lead | Vehicle Emissions | Children | United States | Details | Autism Spectrum Disorder | ||||
| 18. | Rondeau V, et al. (2009). | Aluminum Maladie d'Alzheimer (ALMA+) | Personnes Agees Quid Study (PAQUID) | We found that the cognitive decline and the risk of dementia were higher for high consumption of Aluminum from drinking water. | age | Aluminum | Silicon Dioxide | Study subjects | France | water, drinking, bottled | water, tap | Aluminum | Silicon Dioxide | Details | Alzheimer Disease | cognition |
| 19. | Solfrizzi V, et al. (2013). | Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging (ILSA) | Using a large, population-based cohort, we investigated whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors collectively as a 'class' and as sub-groups according to their chemical structures and drug potencies, compared with other antihypertensive agents and beyond the natural course in time of the hypertension, reduced the incidence of mild cognitive impairment in cognitively normal individuals. | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | Enalapril | Lisinopril | Subjects with disease:Hypertension | Italy | Details | Cognitive Dysfunction | |||
| 20. | Zierold KM, et al. (2004). | Respondents with arsenic levels of 2 microg/L or greater were statistically more likely to report a history of depression, high blood pressure, circulatory problems, and bypass surgery than were respondents with arsenic concentrations less than 2 microg/L. | Arsenic | Study subjects | United States | water | Arsenic | Details | Depressive Disorder | Heart Diseases | Hypertension | ||
| 21. | Hsieh FI, et al. (2008). | Results suggested that chronic arsenic exposure has a negative impact on erectile function. | age | Arsenic | Study subjects | Taiwan, Province of China | Details | Erectile Dysfunction | regulation of hormone metabolic process | |||
| 22. | Nyanza EC, et al. (2014). | Pregnant women who eat soil (pica, a common cultural practice in Tanzania) are exposed to potentially high levels of chemical elements, depending upon frequency of consumption, daily amount consumed, and the source location of soil eaten. | diet | Arsenic | Cadmium | Chromium | Copper | Manganese | Mercury | Soil | Zinc | Subjects with disease:Pica | Pregnant females | Study subjects | Tanzania, United Republic of|United States | soil | Arsenic | Cadmium | Chromium | Copper | Iron | Lead | Manganese | Mercury | Nickel | Zinc | Details | ||
| 23. | Wasserman GA, et al. (2007). | Exposure to arsenic from drinking water was associated with reduced intellectual function before and after adjusting for water manganese for blood lead levels, and for sociodemographic features. | diet | Arsenic | Lead | Manganese | Children | Bangladesh | blood | urine | water, drinking | Arsenic | Lead | Manganese | Details | Arsenic Poisoning | Learning Disorders | |
| 24. | Rahman SM, et al. (2016). | Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions in Matlab (MINIMat) | Elevated prenatal water manganese exposure was positively associated with cognitive function in girls, while boys appeared unaffected; however, early-life exposure appeared to adversely affect children's behavior. | age | diet | sex | Arsenic | Manganese | Children | Pregnant females | Bangladesh | water, drinking | Arsenic | Manganese | Details | Child Behavior Disorders | cognition |
| 25. | Clemente M, et al. (2015). | Participants affected by asbestos poisoning showed high occurrence rates of psychological health variables such as somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, psychoticism, and global severity index. | Asbestos | Workers | Spain | Details | Anxiety Disorders | Depressive Disorder | Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | Paranoid Disorders | Phobic Disorders | Psychotic Disorders | Somatoform Disorders | ||||
| 26. | Evans SF, et al. (2014). | Study for Future Families (SFF) | We report an association between maternal urinary bisphenol A concentrations during pregnancy and sexually dimorphic behaviors in school age children. | sex | bisphenol A | Children | Fetuses | Pregnant females | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Anxiety Disorders | Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders | Conduct Disorder | aggressive behavior | behavior |
| 27. | Li DK, et al. (2010). | Our results reveal a correlation between a biological measure of urine bisphenol A level and declining male sexual function. | bisphenol A | Workers | China | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Erectile Dysfunction | penile erection | ||
| 28. | Min JY, et al. (2016). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | We observed a significant association between blood cadmium levels and Alzheimer disease mortality among older adults in the US. | age | Cadmium | Controls for disease:Diabetes Mellitus | Subjects with disease:Diabetes Mellitus | Controls for disease:Hypertension | Subjects with disease:Hypertension | Study subjects | United States | blood | Cadmium | Details | Alzheimer Disease |
| 29. | Ciesielski T, et al. (2012). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | These findings suggest that children who have higher urinary cadmium concentrations may have increased risk of both learning disability and special education. Importantly, we observed these associations at exposure levels that were previously considered to be without adverse effects, and these levels are common among U.S. children. | race | socioeconomic status | Cadmium | Children | United States | urine | Cadmium | Details | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity | Learning Disorders |
| 30. | Szkup-Jabłońska M, et al. (2012). | The effect of lead on the developing child has behavioral consequences including attention disorders, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior; no effect of cadmium was shown. | age | Cadmium | Lead | Subjects with disease:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity | Subjects with disease:Child Behavior Disorders | Children | Poland | blood | Cadmium | Lead | Details | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity | |
| 31. | Scinicariello F, et al. (2015). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | This is the first study reporting an association of blood cadmium levels with depressive symptoms using a nationally representative sample. | tobacco | Cadmium | Lead | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Study subjects | United States | blood | Cadmium | Lead | Details | Depressive Disorder |
| 32. | Beseler C, et al. (2006). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | In this study, a history of pesticide poisoning was significantly associated with self-reported physician diagnosed depression among female spouses of private pesticide applicators, after controlling for other risk factors. | age | alcohol drinking | race | tobacco | Carbamates | Fungicides, Industrial | Herbicides | Insecticides | Pesticides | Study subjects | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Depressive Disorder | ||
| 33. | Forns J, et al. (2016). | BRain dEvelopment and Air polluTion ultrafine particles in scHool childrEn (BREATHE) Project | In our study population of 7- to 11-year-old children residing in Barcelona, exposure to TRAPs at school was associated with increased behavioral problems in schoolchildren. | Carbon | Nitrogen Dioxide | Soot | Children | Spain | air | Carbon | Nitrogen Dioxide | Soot | Details | Child Behavior Disorders | |
| 34. | Sagiv SK, et al. (2018). | Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) | These findings contribute mixed evidence linking organophosphate pesticide exposures with traits related to developmental disorders like autism spectrum disorders. | Chlorpyrifos | Diazinon | diethyl phosphate | dimethyl phosphate | Malathion | methyl demeton | Organophosphates | Pesticides | Children | Pregnant females | United States | urine | Chlorpyrifos | Diazinon | diethyl phosphate | dimethyl phosphate | Malathion | methyl demeton | Organophosphates | Pesticides | Details | Autism Spectrum Disorder | |
| 35. | van Wendel de Joode B, et al. (2016). | Our findings indicate that children living near banana and plantain plantations are exposed to pesticides that may affect their neurodevelopment, which for certain domains may differ between boys and girls. | sex | Chlorpyrifos | mancozeb | Pyrethrins | Children | Costa Rica | urine | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | 3-phenoxybenzoic acid | Ethylenethiourea | Details | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity | behavior | cognition | learned vocalization behavior or vocal learning | memory | visual perception | |
| 36. | Marks AR, et al. (2010). | Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) | In utero dialkyl phosphates (DAPs) and, to a lesser extent, postnatal DAPs were associated adversely with attention as assessed by maternal report, psychometrician observation, and direct assessment. These associations were somewhat stronger at 5 years than at 3.5 years and were stronger in boys. | age | sex | diethyl phosphate | dimethyl phosphate | Organophosphates | Children | Mothers | United States | urine | diethyl phosphate | dimethyl phosphate | Organophosphates | Details | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity |
| 37. | Blaurock-Busch E, et al. (2011). | We assessed a spectrum of trace elements and heavy metals in hair and urine of both autistic and control groups to focus on the participants' past and present exposure. | Elements | Metals | Controls for disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | Subjects with disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | Children | Saudi Arabia | hair | urine | Aluminum | Antimony | Arsenic | Barium | Beryllium | Bismuth | Boron | Cadmium | Calcium | Cerium | Cesium | Chromium | Cobalt | Copper | Gallium | Germanium | Iodine | Iron | Lead | Lithium | Magnesium | Manganese | Mercury | Molybdenum | Nickel | Palladium | Platinum | Selenium | Silver | Strontium | Thallium | Tin | Titanium | Tungsten | Uranium | Vanadium | Zinc | Zirconium | Details | |||
| 38. | Sayal K, et al. (2014). | Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) | The objective of the study is to investigate whether episodic binge pattern of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is independently associated with child mental health and academic outcomes. | Ethanol | Children | United Kingdom | Details | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | cognition | |||
| 39. | Ton TG, et al. (2010). | In this population-based study in which all subjects had HLA DQB1*0602, we found a nearly five-fold increase in narcolepsy risk associated with jobs containing heavy metals and with six or more applications of bug or weed killer. | genetics | Fertilizers | Metals, Heavy | Pesticides | Subjects with gene influence:HLA-DQB1 | Workers | United States | Details | Narcolepsy | |||
| 40. | Golub NI, et al. (2010). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | This cross-sectional study did not provide consistent evidence for an association between environmental lead exposure and depression within the investigated blood lead levels. | Lead | Controls for disease:Depressive Disorder | Subjects with disease:Depressive Disorder | Study subjects | United States | blood | Lead | Details | Depressive Disorder | |
| 41. | Roy A, et al. (2009). | Overall, this study suggests that lead exposure affects behavior across multiple domains, including anxiety and social behavior. The results also suggest that executive functions and attention are especially vulnerable to insult by lead among young children. | Lead | Children | India | blood | Lead | Details | Anxiety Disorders | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity | behavior | cognition | ||
| 42. | Eum KD, et al. (2012). | These results provide support for an association of low-level cumulative lead exposure with increased depressive and phobic anxiety symptoms among older women who are premenopausal or who consistently take postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. | age | disease | Lead | Workers | United States | patella | tibia | Lead | Details | Anxiety Disorders | Depressive Disorder | |
| 43. | Huang S, et al. (2016). | Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) | In this population of Mexican children, current blood lead level among children with low exposure (<=5 micrograms per deciliter) was positively associated with hyperactive/impulsive behaviors, but not with inattentiveness. | Lead | Children | Mexico | blood | Lead | Details | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity | |
| 44. | Jedrychowski W, et al. (2008). | The data obtained from our study may suggest that a subtle neurotoxic impact of low-level prenatal lead exposure occurs in infants from the Krakow inner city area. | Lead | Infants or newborns | Poland | blood, cord | Lead | Details | Developmental Disabilities | cognition | ||
| 45. | Rajan P, et al. (2007). | Normative Aging Study (NAS) | We observed a deleterious association between current and cumulative lead burden and risk of psychiatric symptoms. At a given cumulative lead burden, participants with the ALAD 1-1 genotype appeared to be at greater risk than participants who were carriers of at least one variant ALAD allele. | genetics | Lead | Subjects with gene influence:ALAD | Veterans | United States | blood | bone | patella | tibia | Lead | Details | Lead Poisoning, Nervous System | Mental Disorders |
| 46. | Rahbar MH, et al. (2015). | Jamaican Autism Study | In univariable general linear models, we found a significant difference between geometric mean blood lead concentrations of autism spectrum disorder cases and controls; however, after controlling for potential confounders, there were no significant differences, and our results do not support an association between blood lead and autism spectrum disorder in Jamaican children. | Lead | Controls for disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | Subjects with disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | Children | Jamaica | blood | Lead | Details | Autism Spectrum Disorder | |
| 47. | Braun JM, et al. (2008). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | These results suggest that prenatal tobacco exposure and environmental lead exposure contribute substantially to conduct disorder in U.S. children. | Lead | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Children | United States | blood | serum | Cotinine | Lead | Details | Conduct Disorder | |
| 48. | Savabieasfahani M, et al. (2015). | Exposure to mixtures of metals that can result from high-temperature explosions of war may have additive or synergistic effects that can alter toxicity, especially in developing children; a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders are appearing in Iraqi cities where bombing and military events have led to increased public exposures to toxic metals. | Magnesium | Metals | Titanium | Children | Controls for disease:Congenital Abnormalities | Subjects with disease:Congenital Abnormalities | Controls for disease:Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Subjects with disease:Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Iran, Islamic Republic of|Iraq | hair | Aluminum | Arsenic | Cadmium | Chromium | Cobalt | Copper | Iron | Lead | Magnesium | Manganese | Mercury | Molybdenum | Nickel | Selenium | Titanium | Uranium | Vanadium | Zinc | Details | |||
| 49. | Rahbar MH, et al. (2014). | Jamaican Autism Study | Our study results found no statistically significant association between blood manganese concentrations and Autism Spectrum Disorder status. | Manganese | Controls for disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | Subjects with disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | Children | Jamaica | blood | Manganese | Details | Autism Spectrum Disorder | |
| 50. | Hertz-Picciotto I, et al. (2010). | After accounting for dietary and other differences in mercury exposures, total mercury in blood was neither elevated nor reduced in CHARGE study preschoolers with autism or autism spectrum disorder compared with unaffected controls, and resembled those of nationally representative samples. | Mercury | Controls for disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | Subjects with disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | Children | Controls for disease:Developmental Disabilities | Subjects with disease:Developmental Disabilities | United States | blood | Mercury | Details | Autism Spectrum Disorder |