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Illuminating how chemicals affect human health.
Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy ComplicationsThese are exposure studies associated with the disease and all of its children.
| Reference | Associated Study Title | Author's Summary | Study Factors | Stressor | Receptors | Country | Medium | Exposure Marker | Measurements | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Choi H, et al. (2008). | Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure is likely to contribute to the occurrence of small size for gestational age as well as preterm births among African Americans. | 1,12-benzoperylene | 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene | benz(a)anthracene | Benzo(a)pyrene | benzo(b)fluoranthene | benzo(k)fluoranthene | chrysene | indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Pregnant females | United States | air | 1,12-benzoperylene | 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene | benz(a)anthracene | Benzo(a)pyrene | benzo(b)fluoranthene | benzo(k)fluoranthene | chrysene | indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Details | Fetal Growth Retardation | Premature Birth | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | ||
| 2. | Robledo CA, et al. (2015). | Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment Study (LIFE) | Preconceptional maternal and paternal concentrations of several persistent organic pollutants were associated with statistically significant differences in birth size among offspring. | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Infants or newborns | Mothers | Study subjects | United States | serum | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Details | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | developmental growth | head development | |
| 3. | Petro EM, et al. (2012). | An overall higher endocrine-disrupting chemical contamination in the follicular micro-environment was associated with a decreased fertilization rate and consequently with a lower chance of an oocyte to develop into a high-quality embryo. | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Subjects with disease:Infertility, Female | Belgium | follicular fluid | serum | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Details | |||
| 4. | Lyall K, et al. (2017). | Early Markers for Autism (EMA) | Project Baby's Breath (PBB) | The overall pattern of our results suggests increases in risk of autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability without autism with prenatal exposure to higher levels of a number of organochlorine compounds, particularly polychlorinated biphenyl ethers. | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Controls for disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | Subjects with disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | Children | Controls for disease:Intellectual Disability | Subjects with disease:Intellectual Disability | Pregnant females | United States | serum | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Details | Autism Spectrum Disorder | Intellectual Disability | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | |
| 5. | Agay-Shay K, et al. (2015). | INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) Project | Prenatal exposure to organochlorines was positively associated with overweight at age 7 years in our study population. | 2,2',3',4,4',5- |
Children | Pregnant females | Spain | blood, cord | serum | urine | 2,2',3',4,4',5- |
Details | Body Weight | Obesity | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | |
| 6. | Lopez-Espinosa MJ, et al. (2016). | INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) Project | To our knowledge, this is the first study to report an association between prenatal exposure to some polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene and fetal growth: abdominal circumference during the first two trimesters of pregnancy, and biparietal diameter and femur length later in pregnancy. | 2,2',3',4,4',5- |
Fetuses | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | Spain | blood, cord | serum | 2,2',3',4,4',5- |
Details | Fetal Growth Retardation | |
| 7. | Miranda ML, et al. (2015). | Children's Environmental Health Initiative Healthy Pregnancy, Healthy Baby | Our data suggest a potential association between maternal polybrominated diphenyl ether levels and decreased infant head circumference (however, this association was attenuated after control for maternal risk factors); confirmatory studies are needed in larger sample sizes, and a mediating role of thyroid hormones was not apparent. | 2,2',4,4',5-brominated diphenyl ether | 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether | Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers | hexabrominated diphenyl ether 153 | Polybrominated Biphenyls | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | United States | serum | 2,2',4,4',5-brominated diphenyl ether | 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether | 2,4,6-tribromophenol | 6-OH-BDE-47 | hexabrominated diphenyl ether 153 | hexabromodiphenyl ether 154 | pentabrominated diphenyl ether 100 | Thyroxine | tribromodiphenyl ether 28 | Triiodothyronine | TSHB | Details | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | head development | |
| 8. | Cohn BA, et al. (2011). | Child Health and Development Study (CHDS) | This study supports the hypothesis that in utero exposure to some polychlorinated biphenyl congeners may impact human reproduction, either by increasing or decreasing time to pregnancy. | 2,2',4,4',5- |
Study subjects | United States | serum | 2,2',4,4',5- |
Details | Infertility, Female | |
| 9. | Tsukimori K, et al. (2008). | High levels of polychlorinated biphenyls/polychlorinated dibenzofurans exposure had some adverse effects on pregnancy outcome in Yusho women. | 2,3,4,7,8- |
Pregnant females | Study subjects | Japan | 2,3,4,7,8- |
Details | Pregnancy Complications | |||
| 10. | Lenters V, et al. (2016). | In this study of mother-newborn pairs from Greenland, Poland, and Ukraine, prenatal exposure to a diethylhexyl phthalate metabolite (mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate), perfluorooctanoic acid, and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene were independently associated with lower birth weight in term newborns. | 2,4,5,2',4',5'- |
Pregnant females | Greenland|Poland| Ukraine |
serum | 2,4,5,2',4',5'- |
Details | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | ||
| 11. | Verner MA, et al. (2015). | Cord Blood Monitoring Program | Overall, our study was suggestive of a small association between estimated early postnatal PCB-153 levels and behavior in Inuit preschoolers. | 2,4,5,2',4',5'- |
Children | Infants or newborns | Canada | blood | blood, cord | plasma | plasma, cord | 2,4,5,2',4',5'- |
Details | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | |
| 12. | Saldana TM, et al. (2007). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | These findings suggest that activities involving exposure to agricultural pesticides during the first trimester of pregnancy may increase the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Atrazine | butylate | Carbofuran | Diazinon | fenoprop | Pesticides | Phorate | Mothers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Diabetes, Gestational | |||
| 13. | Godduhn A, et al. (2013). | Northway Health Study (NHS) | The NHS found complex patterns of association between reported resource uses and cancer and thyroid-, reproductive-, metabolic-, and cardiac problems. | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Chlorine | Pesticides | Petroleum | Vehicle Emissions | Study subjects | United States | Details | Cardiovascular Diseases | Neoplasms | Thyroid Diseases | Urologic Diseases | |||
| 14. | Munger R, et al. (1997). | We conclude that communities in southern Iowa with drinking water supplies contaminated with herbicides have elevated rates of intrauterine growth retardation compared to neighboring communities with different water supplies. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2-xylene | 3-xylene | 4-xylene | alachlor | Atrazine | bromodichloromethane | bromoform | chlorodibromomethane | Chloroform | cyanazine | metolachlor | tetrachloroethane | Pregnant females | United States | water, drinking | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2-xylene | alachlor | Atrazine | bromodichloromethane | bromoform | chlorodibromomethane | Chloroform | cyanazine | metolachlor | tetrachloroethane | Xylenes | Details | Fetal Growth Retardation | ||
| 15. | Smarr MM, et al. (2017). | Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment Study (LIFE) | Higher quartiles of preconception urinary concentrations of methyl paraben and ethyl paraben among female partners were associated with reduced couple fecundity in partner-specific and couple-based exposure models. | sex | 4-hydroxybenzoic acid | Anti-Infective Agents | benzylparaben | butylparaben | ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate | heptylparaben | methylparaben | Parabens | propylparaben | protocatechuic acid | triclocarban | Triclosan | Study subjects | United States | urine | 4-hydroxybenzoic acid | benzylparaben | butylparaben | Creatinine | ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate | heptylparaben | methylparaben | propylparaben | protocatechuic acid | triclocarban | Triclosan | Details | Infertility, Female | reproductive process |
| 16. | Ferguson KK, et al. (2016). | In the present mediation analysis we statistically demonstrate within a causal framework that the relationship between phthalate exposure and spontaneous preterm birth is mediated in part by phthalate-induced oxidative stress, which has not been elucidated clearly in human or animal studies previously. | 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha | Diethylhexyl Phthalate | monobutyl phthalate | Pregnant females | United States | urine | Details | Premature Birth | detection of oxidative stress | |||
| 17. | Pedersen M, et al. (2012). | Dietary exposure to acrylamide was associated with reduced birth weight and head circumference. Consumption of specific foods during pregnancy was associated with higher acrylamide exposure in utero | diet | Acrylamide | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Fetuses | Pregnant females | Denmark|Greece| Norway|Spain| United Kingdom |
blood, cord | Acrylamide | Ethylene Oxide | glycidamide | Details | Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | head development | |
| 18. | Laurent O, et al. (2016). | In our statewide nested case-control study population, exposures to both primary and secondary pollutants were associated with an increase in preterm birth. | Aerosols | Ammonium Compounds | Arsenic | Calcium | Carbon | Chromium | Gasoline | Iron | Magnesium | Nitrates | Nitrogen Dioxide | Organic Chemicals | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Potassium | Strontium | Sulfates | Titanium | Zinc | Pregnant females | United States | air | Aerosols | Ammonium Compounds | Arsenic | Calcium | Carbon | Chromium | Gasoline | Iron | Magnesium | Nitrates | Nitrogen Dioxide | Organic Chemicals | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Potassium | Strontium | Sulfates | Titanium | Zinc | Details | Premature Birth | ||
| 19. | Lavigne É, et al. (2017). | In this population-based study, results suggest an association between exposure to ambient air pollution during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester and an increased risk of astrocytoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in early childhood cancer. | Air Pollutants | Children | Pregnant females | Canada | air, ambient | Nitrogen Dioxide | Particulate Matter | Details | Astrocytoma | Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | ||
| 20. | Lin CC, et al. (2014). | Taiwan Birth Cohort Pilot Study (TBCS-p) | Low-level sulfur dioxide exposure prenatally and up to 12 months postnatal could cause adverse neurobehavioral effects at 18 months of age; furthermore, adverse gross motor below average scores at 6 months of age were associated with increased non-methane hydrocarbon exposure during the second and third trimesters. | Air Pollutants | Fetuses | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | Taiwan, Province of China | air, ambient | Carbon Monoxide | Hydrocarbons | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Sulfur Dioxide | Details | Neurobehavioral Manifestations | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | motor behavior | |
| 21. | Leem JH, et al. (2006). | The results of our study indicated a significant association between air pollution (even levels less than current air quality standards) and preterm delivery during the third trimester of pregnancy. | Air Pollutants | Pregnant females | Korea, Republic of | air, ambient | Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Sulfur Dioxide | Details | Premature Birth | ||
| 22. | Porter TR, et al. (2014). | The present investigation suggests fugitive emissions from industrial point sources may increase the risk of adverse birth outcomes in surrounding neighborhoods. | Air Pollutants | Arsenic | Benzene | Cadmium | Coke | ethylbenzene | Lead | Manganese | Mercury | Steel | Toluene | Xylenes | Pregnant females | United States | Details | Premature Birth | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | ||||
| 23. | Perera F, et al. (2008). | The findings indicate that neurobehavioral development in Tongliang children benefited by elimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) exposure from the coal-burning plant, consistent with the significant reduction in PAH-DNA adducts in cord blood of children in the 2005 cohort. | Air Pollutants | Lead | Mercury | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Infants or newborns | China | blood, cord | Lead | Mercury | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-DNA adduct | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Details | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | cognition | motor activity | ||
| 24. | Clemente DB, et al. (2016). | ENVIRonmental influence ON early AGEing (ENVIRONAGE) | INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) Project | Our results suggest that changes in mitochondrial DNA content can be one of the potential mediators of the association between prenatal air pollution exposure and birth weight. | Air Pollutants | Nitrogen Dioxide | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | Belgium|Spain | air, ambient | placenta | ND1 | Nitrogen Dioxide | Details | Birth Weight | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | mitochondrial DNA metabolic process | |
| 25. | Olsson D, et al. (2012). | The aim of this study was to assess the association between exposure to ozone and duration of gestational and preterm delivery as well as the association with vehicle exhaust, using nitrogen dioxide as indicator, during different windows of gestation in the Greater Stockholm area. | Air Pollutants | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Pregnant females | Sweden | air | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Details | Premature Birth | ||
| 26. | Kloog I, et al. (2012). | Exposure to particulate matter (PM 2.5) during the last month of pregnancy contributes to risks for lower birth weight and preterm birth in infants. | Air Pollutants | Particulate Matter | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | Study subjects | United States | air, outdoor | Particulate Matter | Details | Birth Weight | Premature Birth | ||
| 27. | Pearce MS, et al. (2012). | Particulate Matter and Perinatal Events Research (PAMPER) | Association was observed between socio-economic deprivation and particulate matter on birth weight, with increasing effects of particulate matter in reducing birth weight seen with increasing socio-economic disadvantage. | socioeconomic status | Air Pollutants | Particulate Matter | Fetuses | Pregnant females | United Kingdom | air | Particulate Matter | Details | Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation |
| 28. | Zhao N, et al. (2015). | Our study supports the hypothesis that exposure to high levels of ambient particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter no larger than 10 microns increases the risk of preterm birth. | Air Pollutants | Particulate Matter | Pregnant females | China | air, ambient | Particulate Matter | Details | Premature Birth | ||
| 29. | Saenen ND, et al. (2015). | ENVIRonmental influence ON early AGEing (ENVIRONAGE) | Placental expression of BDNF and SYN1 (two genes implicated in normal neurodevelopmental trajectories) decreased with increasing in utero exposure to particulate matter PM2.5. | Air Pollutants | Particulate Matter | Fetuses | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | Belgium | air, ambient | placenta | BDNF | Particulate Matter | SYN1 | Details | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | |
| 30. | Hao H, et al. (2016). | We investigated associations between 11 ambient air pollutants and the risk of preterm birth in Georgia (U.S.) from 2002-2006; several pollutants were associated with preterm birth, and associations tended to be higher for mothers with low educational attainment and African-American mothers. | race | socioeconomic status | Air Pollutants | Vehicle Emissions | Pregnant females | United States | air, ambient | Ammonium Compounds | Carbon | Carbon Monoxide | Nitrates | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Soot | Sulfates | Sulfur Dioxide | Details | Premature Birth | |
| 31. | Chiu YH, et al. (2016). | Asthma Coalition on Community, Environment, and Social Stress (ACCESS) | Increased particulate matter PM2.5 exposure in specific prenatal windows may be associated with poorer function across memory and attention domains with variable associations based on sex. | sex | Air Pollutants | Vehicle Emissions | Children | Fetuses | Pregnant females | United States | air, ambient | Particulate Matter | Details | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | learning or memory | memory |
| 32. | Raaschou-Nielsen O, et al. (2011). | Diet, Cancer and Health Study | This hypothesis-generating study indicates that traffic-related air pollution might increase the risks for cervical and brain cancer, which should be tested in future studies. | Air Pollutants | Vehicle Emissions | Study subjects | Denmark | air | Nitrogen Oxides | Details | Brain Neoplasms | Uterine Cervical Neoplasms | |
| 33. | Green RS, et al. (2009). | In this cohort, living within 50 m of a road with annual average daily traffic of 15,200 or more was significantly associated with spontaneous abortion among African Americans and nonsmokers. | race | tobacco | Air Pollutants | Vehicle Emissions | Study subjects | United States | Details | Abortion, Spontaneous | |||
| 34. | Scherb H, et al. (2013). | We propose that the long term stable sex ratio increase in Cuba is essentially due to ionizing radiation. | Air Pollutants, Radioactive | Radioactive Fallout | Mothers | Cuba|Russian Federation | Details | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | ||||
| 35. | Lebov JF, et al. (2016). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | In this study of male pesticide applicators, risk of end-stage renal disease increased with increasing cumulative exposure to several pesticides, including the herbicides alachlor, metolachlor, paraquat and pendimethalin, and the insecticide permethrin. | alachlor | Aldicarb | Atrazine | Chlordan | Coumaphos | imazethapyr | metalaxyl | metolachlor | Paraquat | Parathion | pendimethalin | Permethrin | Petroleum | Phorate | Workers | United States | Details | Kidney Failure, Chronic | |||
| 36. | Jelaković B, et al. (2012). | In summary, we provide molecular epidemiologic evidence that supports strongly the hypothesis that, in genetically susceptible individuals, dietary exposure to aristolochic acid is causally related to endemic (Balkan) nephropathy and to the carcinomas of the upper urinary tract associated with this disease. | diet | aristolochic acid I | Subjects with disease:Balkan Nephropathy | Subjects with disease:Urologic Neoplasms | Bosnia and Herzegovina|Croatia| Serbia |
TP53 | Details | Balkan Nephropathy | Urologic Neoplasms | ||
| 37. | Farzan SF, et al. (2013). | New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS) | Our results provide initial evidence that in utero arsenic exposure may be related to infant infection and severity and provide insight into the early life impacts of fetal arsenic exposure. | Arsenicals | Arsenic | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | United States | urine | water, drinking | Arsenicals | Arsenic | Details | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | Respiratory Tract Infections | |
| 38. | Raqib R, et al. (2009). | Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions in Matlab (MINIMat) | The findings suggest that in utero arsenic exposure impaired child thymic development and enhanced morbidity (probably via immunosuppression), and the effect seemed to be partially gender dependent; arsenic exposure also affected breast milk content of trophic factors and maternal morbidity. | sex | Arsenicals | Arsenic | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | Bangladesh | urine | Arsenicals | Details | Diarrhea | Fever | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | Respiratory Tract Infections | interleukin-7 production | thymus development |
| 39. | Rahman A, et al. (2011). | Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions in Matlab (MINIMat) | Our results show that the mothers' education, socioeconomic status, and body mass index were associated with urinary arsenic concentrations, and that arsenic exposure in pregnancy increases the risk of lower respiratory tract infection and diarrhea during infancy in Bangladesh. | body mass index | socioeconomic status | Arsenicals | Arsenic | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | Bangladesh | urine | Arsenicals | Details | Diarrhea, Infantile | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | Respiratory Tract Infections |
| 40. | Wang YH, et al. (2013). | Ever smokers with high arsenic exposure had significantly increased risks for bladder cancer and upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma, and our findings suggest that arsenic exposure, cigarette smoking, and risk genotypes of VEGFA contribute to a higher risk of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma than of bladder cancer. | genetics | tobacco | Arsenic | Subjects with disease:Urologic Neoplasms | Subjects with gene influence:VEGFA | Taiwan, Province of China | Details | Urinary Bladder Neoplasms | |||
| 41. | Beebe-Dimmer JL, et al. (2012). | Genetic variations in AS3MT are associated with bladder cancer among those exposed to relatively low concentrations of inorganic arsenic from drinking water. | diet | genetics | Arsenic | Subjects with gene influence:AS3MT | Controls for disease:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms | Subjects with disease:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms | United States | water, drinking | Arsenic | Details | Urinary Bladder Neoplasms | |
| 42. | Bates MN, et al. (2004). | This study suggests lower bladder cancer risks for arsenic than predicted from other studies but adds to evidence that the latency for arsenic-induced bladder cancers may be longer than previously thought. | tobacco | Arsenic | Controls for disease:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms | Subjects with disease:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms | Argentina | water | Arsenic | Details | Urinary Bladder Neoplasms | |
| 43. | Michaud DS, et al. (2004). | Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC) | In summary, we observed no association between low-level arsenic exposure and bladder cancer risk in a Finnish population followed up for as long as 14 years. | Arsenic | Controls for disease:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms | Subjects with disease:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms | Finland | nail | Arsenic | Details | Urinary Bladder Neoplasms | |
| 44. | Yuan Y, et al. (2007). | We conclude that the major impact of arsenic in drinking water on circulatory disease involves acute myocardial infarction and that, in the initial years, it is the main cause of death from arsenic in drinking water, superseded in later years by excess mortality from lung and bladder cancer. | Arsenic | Study subjects | Chile | water | Arsenic | Details | Lung Neoplasms | Myocardial Infarction | Urinary Bladder Neoplasms | ||
| 45. | Li P, et al. (2012). | Third National Death Cause Survey (NDCS) | Occupational agents represent an important cause of cancer, but indoor radon plays a relatively limited role in cancer causes in China. | Arsenic | Asbestos | Benzene | benzidine | Chromates | Coke | Radon | Silicon Dioxide | Study subjects | China | Details | Leukemia | Lung Neoplasms | Mesothelioma | Urinary Bladder Neoplasms | |||
| 46. | Shapiro GD, et al. (2015). | Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study | Our findings add to the growing body of evidence supporting the role of maternal arsenic exposure as a risk factor for gestational diabetes; however, no statistically significant associations were observed for phthalates, bisphenol A, or other metals. | Arsenic | bisphenol A | Cadmium | Lead | Mercury | Phthalic Acids | Subjects with disease:Diabetes, Gestational | Subjects with disease:Glucose Intolerance | Pregnant females | Canada | blood | urine | Arsenic
| bisphenol A
| Cadmium
| Lead
| Mercury
| mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate
| mono(2- |
Details | Diabetes, Gestational | Glucose Intolerance | |
| 47. | Igra AM, et al. (2016). | We found that serum boron concentrations were inversely associated with birth size (length and weight), and the impact of boron appeared stronger when restricted to the third trimester, when the serum boron concentrations were the highest. | Arsenic | Boron | Cadmium | Cesium | Lead | Lithium | Selenium | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | Argentina | blood | serum | urine | water, drinking | Arsenic | Boron | Cadmium | Cesium | Lead | Lithium | Selenium | Details | Birth Weight | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | ||
| 48. | Harari F, et al. (2015). | Lithium exposure through drinking water was associated with impaired fetal size and this seemed to be initiated in early gestation. | Arsenic | Boron | Cesium | Lithium | Pregnant females | Argentina | blood | serum | urine | water | Arsenic | Boron | Cesium | Lithium | Details | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | ||
| 49. | Gilbert-Diamond D, et al. (2016). | New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS) | Low-level arsenic exposure may impact fetal growth, and the associations may be modified by maternal weight status and infant sex. | body mass index | sex | Arsenic | Cacodylic Acid | monomethylarsonic acid | Pregnant females | United States | urine | water | Arsenic | Cacodylic Acid | monomethylarsonic acid | Details | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | head development |
| 50. | Karmaus W, et al. (2008). | The findings of this 2-year follow-up study indicate that metals and metalloids do not play a role in the etiology of Balkan Endemic Nephropathy. Against the assumption in the literature, selenium was not protective but a risk factor. | Arsenic | Cadmium | Creatinine | Lead | Selenium | Study subjects | Bulgaria | blood | serum | urine | Arsenic | Cadmium | Creatinine | Lead | Selenium | Details | Balkan Nephropathy | creatinine homeostasis | gene expression |