These are exposure studies associated with the disease and all of its children.
Reference | Associated Study Title | Author's Summary | Study Factors | Stressor | Receptors | Country | Medium | Exposure Marker | Measurements | Outcome | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Schreinemachers DM. (2010). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | The results indicate that exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was associated with changes in biomarkers that, based on the published literature, have been linked to risk factors for acute myocardial infarction and type 2 diabetes. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Study subjects | United States | urine | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | Details | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 | Heart Diseases | cellular triglyceride homeostasis | glucose metabolic process | insulin metabolic process | thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion | |
2. | López-Villarrubia E, et al. (2010). | Our findings indicate the existence of a short-term association between current exposure levels to air pollutants and total mortality as well as mortality due to heart and respiratory diseases in both Canary cities studied along with evidence that the association on a given day may spread over several successive days. | Air Pollutants | Spain | air | Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Sulfur Dioxide | Details | Death | Heart Diseases | Respiratory Tract Diseases | |||
3. | Hansen AB, et al. (2016). | Danish Nurse Cohort | We examined the association between long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) and diabetes incidence; non-smokers, obese subjects, and cardiovascular disease patients may be most susceptible to development of diabetes related to air pollution. | disease | tobacco | Air Pollutants | Subjects with disease:Diabetes Mellitus | Subjects with disease:Myocardial Infarction | Subjects with disease:Obesity | Study subjects | Denmark | air, ambient | Nitrogen Dioxide | Nitrogen Oxides | Particulate Matter | Details | Diabetes Mellitus |
4. | Symons JM, et al. (2006). | The authors evaluated the association between particulate matter PM2.5 exposure and onset of congestive heart failure symptom exacerbation leading to hospital admission; although overall findings were not statistically significant, the identification of case events defined by an 8-hour onset period may be more relevant than either a 24-hour onset period or the admission date for estimating harmful effects. | Air Pollutants | Subjects with disease:Heart Failure | United States | air, ambient | Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Details | |||
5. | Medina-Ramón M, et al. (2008). | Worcester Heart Attack Study | Residential exposure to traffic-related air pollution increases the mortality risk after hospitalization with acute heart failure. | Air Pollutants | Subjects with disease:Heart Failure | United States | Details | Death | |||
6. | Wittkopp S, et al. (2016). | Cardiovascular Health and Air Pollution Study | We report novel associations of gene expression changes with traffic-related air pollution exposures in a Los Angeles cohort of elderly subjects with coronary artery disease in this exploratory panel study analysis. | Air Pollutants | Carbon | Carbon Monoxide | hopane | Nitrogen Dioxide | Nitrogen Oxides | Organic Chemicals | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Soot | Subjects with disease:Coronary Artery Disease | United States | air | blood | Carbon | Carbon Monoxide | CYP1B1 | HMOX1 | hopane | IL1B | NFE2L2 | Nitrogen Dioxide | Nitrogen Oxides | NQO1 | Organic Chemicals | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | SELP | SOD2 | Soot | Details | gene expression | |
7. | Brüske I, et al. (2011). | Air Pollution and Inflammatory Response in Myocardial Infarction Survivors: Gene-Environment Interaction in a High Risk Group (AIRGENE) | These preliminary findings should be replicated in other study populations because they suggest that the accumulation of acute and subacute effects or the chronic exposure to ambient particulate and gaseous air pollution may result in the promotion of atherosclerosis, mediated, at least in part, by increased levels of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2. | Air Pollutants | Carbon Monoxide | Nitric Oxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Sulfur Dioxide | Subjects with disease:Myocardial Infarction | Germany | air, ambient | plasma | Carbon Monoxide | Nitric Oxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | PLA2G7 | Sulfur Dioxide | Details | Atherosclerosis | |
8. | Ljungman P, et al. (2009). | Air Pollution and Inflammatory Response in Myocardial Infarction Survivors: Gene-Environment Interaction in a High Risk Group (AIRGENE) | We found the interleukin-6 response to air pollution is modified by genetic polymorphisms in IL6 and FGB genes, suggesting the effect of gaseous traffic-related air pollution on inflammation may be stronger in genetic subpopulations with ischemic heart disease. | disease | genetics | Air Pollutants | Carbon Monoxide | Vehicle Emissions | Subjects with gene influence:FGB | Subjects with gene influence:IL6 | Subjects with disease:Myocardial Infarction | Finland|Germany| Greece|Italy| Spain|Sweden |
air, ambient | plasma | Carbon Monoxide | IL6 | Nitrogen Dioxide | Particulate Matter | Details | positive regulation of interleukin-6 production |
9. | Delfino RJ, et al. (2010). | Traffic emission sources of organic chemicals represented by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are associated with increased systemic inflammation and explain associations with quasi-ultrafine particle mass. | Air Pollutants | hopane | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Vehicle Emissions | Subjects with disease:Coronary Artery Disease | United States | air, outdoor | plasma | Alkanes | Chromium | Copper | hopane | IL6 | Iron | Manganese | Nickel | Particulate Matter | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | TNFRSF1B | Vanadium | Zinc | Details | |||
10. | Sørensen M, et al. (2017). | Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study (DCH) | Long-term exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide and road traffic noise was associated with higher risk of heart failure, mainly among men, in both single- and two-pollutant models. | genetics | Air Pollutants | Nitrogen Dioxide | Subjects with disease:Heart Failure | Study subjects | Denmark | air | Nitrogen Dioxide | Details | Heart Failure |
11. | Levinsson A, et al. (2014). | INTERGENE/ADONIX | Air pollution exposure entails an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction, and this risk differed over genotype strata for variants in the GSTP1, GSTT1 and GSTCD genes, albeit not statistically-significantly. | genetics | Air Pollutants | Nitrogen Dioxide | Subjects with gene influence:GSTP1 | Controls for disease:Myocardial Infarction | Subjects with disease:Myocardial Infarction | Sweden | Nitrogen Dioxide | Details | Hypertension | Myocardial Infarction | |
12. | Hankey S, et al. (2012). | Between-neighborhood differences in estimated ischemic heart disease mortality from air pollution were comparable in magnitude, suggesting that population health benefits from increased physical activity in high-walkability neighborhoods may be offset by adverse effects of air pollution exposure. | physical activity | Air Pollutants | Nitrogen Oxides | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Study subjects | United States | air | Nitrogen Dioxide | Nitrogen Oxides | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Details | Myocardial Ischemia | |
13. | Liu CB, et al. (2016). | Our findings suggest some positive associations between maternal exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM10) during the first two months of pregnancy and fetal cardiovascular malformations. | Air Pollutants | Particulate Matter | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | China | air, ambient | Particulate Matter | Details | Cardiovascular Abnormalities | Ductus Arteriosus, Patent | Heart Septal Defects, Atrial | Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular | Tetralogy of Fallot | ||
14. | Monrad M, et al. (2017). | Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study (DCH) | We found long-term residential traffic-related air pollution to be associated with higher risk of atrial fibrillation. | Air Pollutants | Vehicle Emissions | Study subjects | Denmark | air, ambient | Nitrogen Dioxide | Nitrogen Oxides | Details | Atrial Fibrillation | |
15. | Zhang W, et al. (1994). | We report early health effects and biological monitoring in persons occupationally exposed to tetraethyl lead in China for the years 1990-1992, including for gasoline depot workers and traffic police officers. | Air Pollutants, Occupational | Tetraethyl Lead | Workers | China | air, ambient | urine | diethyllead | Lead | triethyllead | Details | Bradycardia | Tremor | ||
16. | Tseng CH, et al. (2003). | It is concluded that ischemic heart disease in the arseniasis-hyperendemic villages in Taiwan was associated with long-term arsenic exposure. | Arsenic | Study subjects | Taiwan, Province of China | Arsenic | Details | Myocardial Ischemia | |||
17. | Zierold KM, et al. (2004). | Respondents with arsenic levels of 2 microg/L or greater were statistically more likely to report a history of depression, high blood pressure, circulatory problems, and bypass surgery than were respondents with arsenic concentrations less than 2 microg/L. | Arsenic | Study subjects | United States | water | Arsenic | Details | Depressive Disorder | Heart Diseases | Hypertension | ||
18. | Yuan Y, et al. (2007). | We conclude that the major impact of arsenic in drinking water on circulatory disease involves acute myocardial infarction and that, in the initial years, it is the main cause of death from arsenic in drinking water, superseded in later years by excess mortality from lung and bladder cancer. | Arsenic | Study subjects | Chile | water | Arsenic | Details | Lung Neoplasms | Myocardial Infarction | Urinary Bladder Neoplasms | ||
19. | Wade TJ, et al. (2009). | This is the first study to document increased arsenic-associated mortality in the Bayingnormen Inner Mongolia region of China. | Arsenic | Study subjects | China | water | Arsenic | Details | Coronary Disease | Death | Neoplasms | ||
20. | Wang CH, et al. (2010). | QT dispersion may be indicated as an early biomarker for atherosclerotic diseases and a significant and strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality in populations with chronic arsenic exposure. | Arsenic | Study subjects | Taiwan, Province of China | Details | Carotid Artery Diseases | Coronary Artery Disease | regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization | ||||
21. | Chen Y, et al. (2011). | Exposure to arsenic in drinking water is adversely associated with mortality from heart disease, especially among smokers. | tobacco | Arsenic | Study subjects | Bangladesh | urine | water, drinking | Details | Cardiovascular Diseases | Death | Myocardial Ischemia | ||
22. | Moon KA, et al. (2013). | Strong Heart Study (SHS) | Low to moderate chronic arsenic exposure, as measured in urine, was prospectively associated with cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality. | Arsenic | Study subjects | United States | urine | Arsenic | Details | Cardiovascular Diseases | Coronary Disease | Death | Stroke | |
23. | James KA, et al. (2015). | San Luis Valley Diabetes Study (SLVDS) | We observed an association between coronary heart disease risk and inorganic arsenic exposure in a chronic low-level arsenic area in the southwestern United States. | sex | Arsenic | Controls for disease:Coronary Disease | Subjects with disease:Coronary Disease | Study subjects | United States | urine | water, drinking | Arsenic | Details | Coronary Disease |
24. | D'Ippoliti D, et al. (2015). | Results provide new evidence for risk assessment of low-medium concentrations of arsenic and contribute to the ongoing debate about the threshold-dose of effect, suggesting that even concentrations below 10 micrograms per liter carry a mortality risk. | sex | Arsenic | Study subjects | Italy | Arsenic | Details | Death | Diabetes Mellitus | Lung Neoplasms | Myocardial Infarction | Peripheral Arterial Disease | Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive | ||
25. | Cui N, et al. (2016). | Long-term exposure to arsenic is associated with upregulated mRNA expression for genes AHR and CYP1A1 in the blood, and blood CYP1A1 mRNA (but not AHR mRNA) is associated with prolonged corrected QT interval. | diet | Arsenic | Study subjects | China | blood | water, drinking | AHR | Arsenic | CYP1A1 | Details | Long QT Syndrome | regulation of heart rate | |
26. | Chen CJ, et al. (1996). | In this study, we observed a significantly increased ischemic heart disease (ISHD) mortality among residents in the blackfoot disease (BFD)-endemic area, a significantly higher ISHD mortality for BFD patients than for age-, sex-, and residence-matched control subjects, and a dose-response relation between ISHD mortality and long-term exposure to ingested inorganic arsenic. | age | disease | Arsenic | Controls for disease:Peripheral Vascular Diseases | Subjects with disease:Peripheral Vascular Diseases | Taiwan, Province of China | water, drinking | Arsenic | Details | Death | Myocardial Ischemia | |
27. | Sanders AP, et al. (2014). | In the present study we examined private well water levels of arsenic, cadmium, manganese, and lead across North Carolina, and used a semi-ecologic study design to estimate the association between metal levels and specific birth defect phenotypes. | Arsenic | Cadmium | Lead | Manganese | Infants or newborns | United States | Arsenic | Cadmium | Lead | Manganese | Details | Cleft Lip | Congenital Microtia | Conotruncal cardiac defects | Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome | Pyloric Stenosis | |||
28. | Thurston GD, et al. (2016). | American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II (ACS CPS-II) | Long-term fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposures from fossil fuel combustion, especially coal burning but also from diesel traffic, were associated with increases in ischemic heart disease mortality in this nationwide population. | Arsenic | Carbon | Chlorine | Iron | Lead | Manganese | Particulate Matter | Potassium | Selenium | Silicon | Soot | Sulfur | Study subjects | United States | air, ambient | soil | Arsenic | Calcium | Carbon | Chlorine | Iron | Lead | Manganese | Nickel | Particulate Matter | Potassium | Selenium | Silicon | Sodium | Soot | Sulfur | Vanadium | Zinc | Details | Death | Myocardial Ischemia | |
29. | Keil AP, et al. (2017). | Lee-Fraumeni Cohort | Our analyses suggest that the excess deaths from causes other than respiratory cancers comprise the majority of the excess deaths caused by inhaled arsenic exposure. | arsenic trioxide | Workers | United States | air | arsenic trioxide | Details | Death | Heart Diseases | Respiratory Tract Neoplasms | |
30. | LaKind JS, et al. (2012). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | With scientifically and clinically supportable exclusion criteria and outcome definitions, we consistently found no associations between urinary bisphenol A and heart disease or diabetes across four NHANES datasets. | bisphenol A | Study subjects | United States | urine | Details | Diabetes Mellitus | Heart Diseases | ||
31. | Melzer D, et al. (2012). | European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Study | Associations between higher bisphenol A exposure (reflected in higher urinary concentrations) and incident coronary artery disease during >10 years of follow-up showed trends similar to previously reported cross-sectional findings in the more highly exposed NHANES respondents. | bisphenol A | Controls for disease:Coronary Artery Disease | Subjects with disease:Coronary Artery Disease | United Kingdom | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Coronary Artery Disease | |
32. | Melzer D, et al. (2010). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | Higher Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure, reflected in higher urinary concentrations of BPA, is consistently associated with reported heart disease in the general adult population of the USA. | bisphenol A | Study subjects | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Angina Pectoris | Coronary Disease | Diabetes Mellitus | Myocardial Infarction | alkaline phosphatase activity | lactate dehydrogenase activity | |
33. | Wright JM, et al. (2017). | This is the first epidemiological study of birth defects and disinfection by-products (DBPs) to examine several individual cardiovascular defects, different exposure surrogate mixtures (sum of chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane (THM4), brominated trihalomethanes, sum of monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid (HAA5), sum of THM4 and HAA5, and various individual DBP species. | sex | bromoacetate | bromodichloromethane | bromoform | chloroacetic acid | chlorodibromomethane | Chloroform | dibromoacetic acid | Dichloroacetic Acid | Trichloroacetic Acid | Fetuses | Pregnant females | United States | water, drinking | Acetates | bromoacetate | bromodichloromethane | bromoform | chloroacetic acid | chlorodibromomethane | Chloroform | dibromoacetic acid | Dichloroacetic Acid | Trichloroacetic Acid | Trihalomethanes | Details | Cardiovascular Abnormalities | Heart Septal Defects, Atrial | Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular | Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Tetralogy of Fallot | Transposition of Great Vessels | |
34. | Hecht EM, et al. (2016). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | These descriptive data from a nationally representative sample suggest that cadmium is related to cardiovascular outcomes even after adjustment for smoking status. | Cadmium | Study subjects | United States | blood | urine | Cadmium | Details | Myocardial Infarction | Stroke | |
35. | Barregard L, et al. (2016). | Malmo Diet and Cancer Study | Blood cadmium in the highest quartile was associated with incident cardiovascular disease and mortality in our population-based samples of Swedish adults. | tobacco | Cadmium | Study subjects | Sweden | blood | Cadmium | Details | Cardiovascular Diseases | Myocardial Ischemia | Stroke |
36. | Everett CJ, et al. (2008). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | Our results indicate a possible role for cadmium in coronary heart disease. | sex | Cadmium | Study subjects | United States | urine | Cadmium | Details | Myocardial Infarction |
37. | Peters JL, et al. (2010). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | Environmental exposure to cadmium was associated with significantly increased stroke and heart failure prevalence. | sex | tobacco | Cadmium | Study subjects | United States | blood | urine | Cadmium | Details | Heart Failure | Stroke |
38. | Asgary S, et al. (2017). | The present results showed that serum levels of heavy metals are associated with the presence of coronary artery disease. Long-term exposure to trace levels of Lead, Cadmium and Mercury may play a role in the development of coronary atherosclerotic plaques. | Cadmium | Lead | Mercury | Controls for disease:Coronary Artery Disease | Subjects with disease:Coronary Artery Disease | Iran, Islamic Republic of | serum | Cadmium | Lead | Mercury | Details | Coronary Artery Disease | ||
39. | Dayton SB, et al. (2010). | Agricultural Health Study (AHS) | We investigated the relationship between agricultural pesticide use and the incidence of myocardial infarction among women in the Agricultural Health Study. | Carbofuran | Chlorpyrifos | Coumaphos | metalaxyl | pendimethalin | Trifluralin | Study subjects | Workers | United States | Details | Agricultural Workers' Diseases | Myocardial Infarction | |||
40. | Wittkopp S, et al. (2013). | Our results suggest that, in a small cohort of elderly adults with coronary artery disease, mitochondrial haplogroup U may have lower susceptibility to adverse effects of traffic-related air pollution compared to haplogroup H. | genetics | Carbon | Carbon Monoxide | hopane | Nitrogen Oxides | Organic Chemicals | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Soot | Subjects with disease:Coronary Artery Disease | United States | air | Carbon | Carbon Monoxide | hopane | Nitrogen Oxides | Organic Chemicals | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Soot | Details | inflammatory response | |
41. | Kim SY, et al. (2015). | Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) Study | Particulate Matter (2.5) components possibly from combustion-related sources are more strongly associated with daily mortality than are secondary inorganic aerosols. | Carbon | Carbon Monoxide | Nitrates | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Soot | Sulfates | Sulfur Dioxide | Study subjects | United States | air | Carbon | Carbon Monoxide | Nitrates | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Soot | Sulfates | Sulfur Dioxide | Details | Death | Myocardial Ischemia | Neoplasms | |
42. | Ostro B, et al. (2015). | California Teachers Study | Our analysis of long-term exposure to the mass and constituents of Particulate Matter (2.5) and ultrafine particles revealed several statistically significant associations with all-cause, cardiovascular, and ischemic heart disease mortality. | Carbon | Copper | Iron | Manganese | Nitrates | Organic Chemicals | Particulate Matter | Study subjects | United States | air | Carbon | Copper | Iron | Manganese | Nitrates | Organic Chemicals | Particulate Matter | Details | Cardiovascular Diseases | Death | Myocardial Ischemia | |
43. | Suh HH, et al. (2010). | Results indicate decreased vagal tone in response to traffic pollutants, which can best be detected with precise personal exposure measures. | Carbon | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Sulfates | Subjects with disease:Myocardial Infarction | Subjects with disease:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive | Study subjects | United States | air | Carbon | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Sulfates | Details | heart contraction | ||
44. | Ghosh R, et al. (2016). | We investigated the coronary heart disease burden from near-roadway air pollution and compared it with the particulate matter <= 2.5 microns burden in the California South Coast Air Basin for 2008 and under a compact urban growth greenhouse gas reduction scenario for 2035. | Carbon | Particulate Matter | Study subjects | United States | Carbon | Particulate Matter | Details | Coronary Disease | Death | |||
45. | Carreón T, et al. (2014). | This study found evidence for excess hepatobiliary cancer mortality among workers exposed to vinyl chloride in a chemical manufacturing plant, as well as a trend with 20-year lagged duration of exposure. | Carbon Disulfide | Vinyl Chloride | Workers | United States | Details | Coronary Artery Disease | Death | Liver Neoplasms | ||||
46. | Berglind N, et al. (2010). | Swedish Onset study | This study provides no support that moderately elevated air pollution levels trigger first-time myocardial infarction. | Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Subjects with disease:Myocardial Infarction | Sweden | air | Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Details | Myocardial Infarction | |
47. | Milojevic A, et al. (2014). | This study found no clear evidence for pollution effects on ST-elevation myocardial infarctions and stroke, which ultimately represent thrombogenic processes, though it did for pulmonary embolism. | age | sex | Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Sulfur Dioxide | Study subjects | United Kingdom | air, ambient | Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Sulfur Dioxide | Details | Arrhythmias, Cardiac | Atrial Fibrillation | Cardiovascular Diseases | Death | Stroke | |
48. | Gilboa SM, et al. (2005). | A population-based case-control study investigated the association between maternal exposure to air pollutants, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter <10 microns in aerodynamic diameter during weeks 3-8 of pregnancy and the risk of selected cardiac birth defects and oral clefts in livebirths and fetal deaths between 1997 and 2000 in seven Texas counties. | sex | Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Sulfur Dioxide | Children | United States | Details | Cleft Lip | Cleft Palate | Conotruncal cardiac defects | Endocardial Cushion Defects | Heart Septal Defects, Atrial | Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular | Tetralogy of Fallot | |||
49. | Koken PJ, et al. (2003). | In summary, the results of this study in Denver suggest that ozone increases the risk of hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction, coronary atherosclerosis, and pulmonary heart disease. Sulfur dioxide appears to be related to increased hospital stays for cardiac dysrhythmias, and carbon monoxide is significantly associated with congestive heart failure hospitalization. | sex | Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Sulfur Dioxide | Study subjects | United States | air | Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Sulfur Dioxide | Details | Arrhythmias, Cardiac | Atherosclerosis | Heart Failure | Myocardial Infarction | Pulmonary Heart Disease | |
50. | Kim C, et al. (2016). | Shanghai Women's Health Study (SWHS) | Evidence from this study suggests that past use of coal among women in Shanghai is associated with excess all-cause mortality and from cardiovascular diseases in particular. | Coal | Study subjects | China | Details | Cardiovascular Diseases | Death | Myocardial Infarction | Neoplasms |